Objective: Little is known of the beverage intake patterns of Canadian children or of characteristics within these patterns. The objective was to determine beverage intake patterns among Canadian children and compare intakes of fourteen types of beverages, along with intakes of vitamin C and Ca, and sociodemographic factors across clusters. Design: Dietary information was collected using one 24 h recall. Sociodemographic data were collected by interview. Cluster analysis was used to determine beverage intake patterns. Pearson's x 2 and 95 % CI were used to test differences across clusters. Setting: Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2?2. Subjects: Children aged 2-18 years with plausible energy intake and complete sociodemographic data (n 10 038) were grouped into the following categories: 2-5-year-old boys and girls, 6-11-year-old girls, 6-11-year-old boys, 12-18-year-old girls and 12-18-year-old boys.
Objective: To investigate the beverage intake patterns of Canadian adults and explore characteristics of participants in different beverage clusters. Design: Analyses of nationally representative data with cross-sectional complex stratified design. Setting: Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2?2 (2004). Subjects: A total of 14 277 participants aged 19-65 years, in whom dietary intake was assessed using a single 24 h recall, were included in the study. After determining total intake and the contribution of beverages to total energy intake among age/sex groups, cluster analysis (K-means method) was used to classify males and females into distinct clusters based on the dominant pattern of beverage intakes. To test differences across clusters, x 2 tests and 95 % confidence intervals of the mean intakes were used. Results: Six beverage clusters in women and seven beverage clusters in men were identified. 'Sugar-sweetened' beverage clusters -regular soft drinks and fruit drinks -as well as a 'beer' cluster, appeared for both men and women. No 'milk' cluster appeared among women. The mean consumption of the dominant beverage in each cluster was higher among men than women. The 'soft drink' cluster in men had the lowest proportion of the higher levels of education, and in women the highest proportion of inactivity, compared with other beverage clusters. Conclusions: Patterns of beverage intake in Canadian women indicate high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages particularly fruit drinks, low intake of milk and high intake of beer. These patterns in women have implications for poor bone health, risk of obesity and other morbidities.
Sweetened beverage intake has risen in past decades, along with a rise in prevalence of overweight and obesity among children. Our objective was to examine the relationship between beverage intake patterns and overweight and obesity among Canadian children. Beverage intake patterns were identified by cluster analysis of data from the cross-sectional Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2. Intake data were obtained from a single 24-hour recall, height and weight were measured, and sociodemographic data were obtained via interview. Data on children and adolescents aged 2-18 years who met inclusion criteria (n = 10 038) were grouped into the following categories: 2-5 years (male and female), 6-11 years (female), 6-11 years (male), 12-18 years (female), and 12-18 years (male). χ² test was used to compare rates of overweight and obesity across clusters. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between overweight and obesity and beverage intake patterns, adjusting for potential confounders. Clustering resulted in distinct groups of who drank mostly fruit drinks, soft drinks, 100% juice, milk, high-fat milk, or low-volume and varied beverages (termed "moderate"). Boys aged 6-11 years whose beverage pattern was characterized by soft drink intake (553 ± 29 g) had increased odds of overweight-obesity (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2-4.1) compared with a "moderate" beverage pattern (23 ± 4 g soft drink). No significant relationship emerged between beverage pattern and overweight and obesity among other age-sex groups. Using national cross-sectional dietary intake data, Canadian children do not show a beverage-weight association except among young boys who drink mostly soft drinks, and thus may be at increased risk for overweight or obesity.
he upward trend of overweight and obesity and associated risks (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, gallbladder disease, some cancers, and premature death) [1][2][3][4] has been paralleled by a global change in dietary patterns leading to higher levels of energy intake, as well as by a notable reduction in levels of physical activity. 5 The increase in energy intake is mostly from higher dietary fat and sugar intakes. In the United States, 15-25% of average daily total energy intake of adults is derived from beverages. 6 Further, the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has increased over the past 20 years, to the point that SSB has become the largest source of beverage calories for American adults today. 7 Concomitant increases in the consumption of SSB and obesity rates in the adult population suggest a possible causative association. 6,8,9 Although the relationship between beverage consumption and weight management in children has been addressed frequently in recent literature, 1 studies on the adult population are few. There are no data on Canadian adults with respect to this question.In Canada, the only available comprehensive nutrition dataset is the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 (CCHS 2.2), conducted in 2004, which provides information on food intake (including beverages) of Canadians, as well as measured weight and height at both national and provincial levels. Descriptive data on beverage consumption of Canadians and patterns of beverage intake of Canadian adults have been analyzed and reported previously. 10 However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and overweight and obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) on a national scale. METHODS Study populationData from CCHS 2.2 were used. Data on demographics, socioeconomic and health status were gathered by interviews, while height and weight were measured by standardized methods. 11 Additional details on CCHS 2.2 can be found elsewhere. 12,13 From the 35,107 participants in CCHS 2.2, we excluded individuals >65 or <19 years of age, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding women; the resulting population of interest had a sample size of 14,304. Further, we identified and excluded those who had a missing value for energy intake (n=15) and those who reported implausible energy intakes 14 (n=2,478). Analyses were performed on both populations: total (n=14,304) and those with plausible energy intake (n=11,811).
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