Fruit Drink Consumption Is Associated With Overweight and Obesity in Canadian Women

Abstract

he upward trend of overweight and obesity and associated risks (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, gallbladder disease, some cancers, and premature death) [1][2][3][4] has been paralleled by a global change in dietary patterns leading to higher levels of energy intake, as well as by a notable reduction in levels of physical activity. 5 The increase in energy intake is mostly from higher dietary fat and sugar intakes. In the United States, 15-25% of average daily total energy intake of adults is derived from beverages. 6 Further, the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has increased over the past 20 years, to the point that SSB has become the largest source of beverage calories for American adults today. 7 Concomitant increases in the consumption of SSB and obesity rates in the adult population suggest a possible causative association. 6,8,9 Although the relationship between beverage consumption and weight management in children has been addressed frequently in recent literature, 1 studies on the adult population are few. There are no data on Canadian adults with respect to this question.In Canada, the only available comprehensive nutrition dataset is the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 (CCHS 2.2), conducted in 2004, which provides information on food intake (including beverages) of Canadians, as well as measured weight and height at both national and provincial levels. Descriptive data on beverage consumption of Canadians and patterns of beverage intake of Canadian adults have been analyzed and reported previously. 10 However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and overweight and obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) on a national scale. METHODS Study populationData from CCHS 2.2 were used. Data on demographics, socioeconomic and health status were gathered by interviews, while height and weight were measured by standardized methods. 11 Additional details on CCHS 2.2 can be found elsewhere. 12,13 From the 35,107 participants in CCHS 2.2, we excluded individuals >65 or <19 years of age, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding women; the resulting population of interest had a sample size of 14,304. Further, we identified and excluded those who had a missing value for energy intake (n=15) and those who reported implausible energy intakes 14 (n=2,478). Analyses were performed on both populations: total (n=14,304) and those with plausible energy intake (n=11,811).

Systematic review of the evidence for an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk of obesity

“…92,93 Similarly, in adolescents, the results of the four observational studies were inconsistent. 87,90,94,99 In adults, of the two cross-sectional studies that evaluated beverage type, 96,98 one showed a significant association between a dominant pattern of fruit drink consumption and obesity risk in adult women, but not in men. 96 The other study showed a significant association between fruit drink and sweetened soda consumption and BMI, but not between homemade fresco consumption and BMI.…”

“…Therefore, 14 studies were identified for which the relationship between sugar‐sweetened beverage intake and BMI or incidence of obesity could be evaluated (see Table ) . These 14 studies were conducted in children, adolescents, or adults …”

“…[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] These 14 studies were conducted in children, 88,92,93,95 adolescents, 87,90,94,99 or adults. 89,91,[96][97][98]100 Children Berkey et al 88 followed 11,755 children (ages 9-14 y) in a moderate-quality prospective cohort in the US Growing Up Today Study to examine the association between the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and change in BMI. In a longitudinal analysis of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and 1-year change in BMI, there was a significant association for boys (n = 6,688) (P = 0.038), but not for girls (n = 5,067) (P = 0.096), for models that adjusted for a number of confounders, including age and physical activity.…”

Sucrose feeding in mouse pregnancy leads to hypertension, and sex-linked obesity and insulin resistance in female offspring

“…Several studies have suggested that diets high in simple sugars exert a high glycemic load (GI), and are a major cause of obesity and metabolic syndrome (Brand-Miller et al, 2002; Schulze et al, 2004). Simple sugars e.g., sucrose and fructose such as those abundant in many soft drinks are consumed in high quantities among adolescence and adults (Nikpartow et al, 2012a,b; Wang Jensen et al, 2012). It has been reported that soft drink consumption is associated with increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, (Moreno and Rodriguez, 2007; Nikpartow et al, 2012a) and cardiometabolic diseases (Dhingra et al, 2007; Malik et al, 2010; De Koning et al, 2012).…”

“…Simple sugars e.g., sucrose and fructose such as those abundant in many soft drinks are consumed in high quantities among adolescence and adults (Nikpartow et al, 2012a,b; Wang Jensen et al, 2012). It has been reported that soft drink consumption is associated with increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, (Moreno and Rodriguez, 2007; Nikpartow et al, 2012a) and cardiometabolic diseases (Dhingra et al, 2007; Malik et al, 2010; De Koning et al, 2012). In pregnant women, an increased dietary GI is associated with increased risk of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (Zhang et al, 2006).…”