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Objectives Single-shade composite systems are gaining popularity among clinicians due to the claimed potential of blending with different tooth structure shades while restoring the tooth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blending effect of two single-shade composite with different shades of conventional resin composite systems. Materials and Methods Seventy-two composite cylinders of B1, B2, A1, A2, A3, or A3.5 shade from CharmFil Plus (CP) and Filtek Universal Restorative (3M) were prepared using custom-made silicone mold. Single-shade composite OMNICHROMA (OC) or Beautifil II Enamel (BE) was placed in the center of each cylinder and polymerized. The color parameters, lightness (L*), chroma (C*), and hue (H*) of each composite were measured using a color chronometer. Furthermore, color stability of the samples was evaluated after 1-week staining challenge. Statistical Analysis Multivariant analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of material and shade on the color parameters. Multiple comparisons of the data were performed using post hoc test. The staining challenge data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance and paired sample T-test. Results The multivariant analysis showed a statistically significant difference in color parameters among CP, 3M, OC, and BE (p = 0.001). Image analysis showed a visual blending effect for both OC and BE for certain shades; however, some color contrast with the darker shades was observed. The C* value of OC showed a similar pattern to CP; however, the H* of the latter was closely followed by BE. The L* value showed statistically significant difference among the shades of 3M, and in OC and BE when blended with 3M. Conclusion All four materials used in this study showed color alteration after the staining challenge. Single-shade composite can blend with only certain shades of resin composites.

Benzoic acid and its methyl and propyl para-hydroxy derivatives are approved food preservatives and flavoring agents. Inclusive use of these additives in food, pharmaceuticals, and beauty and healthcare industries however raises concern about the quality and shelf life of the products. The safety levels of benzoates are controversial, even though studies have indicated that they may produce adverse health effects. This study employs nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), fluorescence anisotropy, the molecular docking approach, and electron microscopy to examine lysozyme, myoglobin, and cytochrome c under acidic and neutral-pH conditions and finds that benzoates bind to multiple independent sites on proteins by hydrogen-bonding and π-stacking interactions, although electrostatic interactions may also appear as neutral-pH conditions are approached. The benzoate-bound proteins enter the aggregation pathway to produce amorphous and perhaps occasional fibrillar structures. The concentration of benzoates needed to induce protein aggregation is much lower than the microbicidal and inhibitory concentrations prescribed by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

By-product removal in fish processing is estimated to be between 25 and 70% due to improper fish production handling and significant problems in the fish industry today. Therefore, one of the ways to manage the raw material of by-product is through protein hydrolysis. However, one of the most effective methods for managing this raw material, which includes skin, bones, heads, and viscera, is to convert their protein into peptides via hydrolysis methods, resulting in fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). FPH has been shown to have bioactive properties such as antibacterial, antihypertensive, antioxidative, anticancer, and anticoagulant properties. Bioactivity could be fully utilised in the future in both the nutraceutical and food industries. Numerous studies have been published on the acceptability of FPH in obtaining bioactive properties from various fish, particularly antibacterial activity. For example, the antibacterial peptide was identified as FPIGMGHGSRPA, consisting of 12 amino acids. Its antibacterial activity was tested against B. subtilis using 800 g/mL ampicillin. The inhibition zone increased with peptide concentration. This review discusses functional bioactive peptides derived from fish protein hydrolysate that can be used as antibacterial agents by inhibit Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial growth. It also covers fish species, parts, and hydrolysis methods to maximise yields.