Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis using calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst with absence and presence of free fatty acid (FFA) pretreatment (untreated and pretreated) prior to reaction have been investigated. The preliminary study was started from theoretical stoichiometric amount molar ratio of methanol to oil. This preliminary experiment showed that indeed, in transesterification with the chemical catalyst the molar ratio of methanol to oil should be exceeding the theoretical stoichiometric molar ratio, due to the fast reversible reaction. The highest FAME content of 81% was achieved at a temperature of 75 °C with pretreated FFA. The composition of methyl ester with pretreated FFA was affected by temperature, where increasing temperature leads to increasing of methyl oleate as major methyl ester in the product. The relation of temperature dependence was further studied by Arrhenius law correlation. It is shown that activation energy was affected by pretreatment of fatty acid. The activation energy (Ea) of transesterification with untreated and pretreated free fatty acid were found as ± 16 kJ/mol and ± 68 kJ/mol, respectively. Unlike untreated FFA, the Ea of transesterification with pretreated FFA was within the range of activation energy for transesterification for the base catalyst. This study showed that methyl ester synthesis was best obtained when FFA was pretreated prior to transesterification. In addition, WCO is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production since it is biodegradable, economic, environmentally friendly and abundantly available.
Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester is a fuel derived from vegetable oil and animal fat. In this study, biodiesel is produced from transesterification of waste cooking oil and methanol (methanolysis), using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM) within ultrasonic-assisted conditions. The enzymatic transesterification is used due to environmental concerns and also the high yield of biodiesel. The limitations in the mass transfer rate of the product and longer reaction time have drawn attention to more efficient technology. One of them is ultrasonic-assisted to reduce reaction time and increase the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Various parameters have been examined in this study, such as reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, the effect of temperatures, and temperature dependency of immobilized Thermomyces lanuginose (TLIM). The highest biodiesel yield of 69.3% was obtained after 6 hours of reaction at a temperature of 35°C and using three step-wise addition of methanol to oil ratio 3:1. Our study showed that the TLIM is sensitive to methanol to oil molar ratio above 1:1. Further research on the temperature dependence found that the TLIM activation energy in the reaction is 11.9 kcal/mol, which is within activation energy for an enzymatic reaction.
Biodiesel or Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a biofuel formed from transesterification of vegetable oil and fat. In this study, the source of vegetable oil is Rubber seed oil (RSO). The oil was extracted from rubber seed by solvent extraction, using n-hexane and methanol. The oil produced from both solvents’ extraction were used as feedstock. Biodiesel production from RSO was performed with methanol as acyl acceptor. using immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase as catalyst. Three different parameters were studied, they are reaction time, lipase inhibition, and stepwise addition of methanol/oil molar ratio. The enzymatic transesterification with ultrasonic assisted process was utilized, as it enhances the miscibility between oil and methanol, which lead to reducing the reaction time and significantly increased the yield of biodiesel. The results indicated a significant biodiesel is produced with the highest yield of 76.55%, at 45 °C, with the lipase amount of 5 % (w/w), methanol to oil molar ratio of 3:1 within 6 hours. It is found that despite high content of free fatty acid of rubber seed oil, it has a potential as alternative feedstock for FAME production.
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