The history of boarding system is traced back to 20th century when Anglican and Roman Catholic Missionaries aimed for public school of English system to Africans. Uganda has started it in 1900s meant for the education of elite class. The boarding system helped the students in utilization of teachers and was economical as it reduced the need of extra coaching or tuitions. Boarding system has many short comings like food problems etc. Sometimes over crowdedness is also seen as a problem in boarding system due to the less availability of space. Although boarders have many problems, they enjoy their studies, living, and sports properly. The home environment is not suitable for study for day scholar students. They walk long distances to reach the school, sometimes in harsh weather conditions. Similarly bad company is a common problem both for boarders and day scholars. Studies in Kenya revealed that home environment badly affect students' performance of day scholars. The current study identified some factors that influence the behavior of the day scholars and boarders; their study and achievements. Three hundred and twenty nine students were selected randomly for the study from boarding and the day scholar system. Structured questionnaires were used for the collection of data which was further processed by using statistical tools (SPSS). It was found that the boarding system is better at many aspects while the day scholar system has its own benefits.
Hepatitis C Virus is an infectious entity mainly affects liver. The HCV belongs to family Flaviviridae of viruses. The virion has single stranded positive polarity RNA genome. It was identified in 1989. It is transmitted through transfusion of infected blood, homosexuality, vertical transmission, inadequately sterilized surgical or dental instruments. Different techniques for diagnosis of HCV are available like ICT, ELISA, MEIA and RT-PCR etc. The objective of this study was to find out the most sensitive and reliable method for diagnosis of HCV infection. The study was conducted at a Public Sector Hospital, Hayat Abad Medical Complex Hayat Abad, Peshawar. A total of 300 samples tested for anti HCV antibodies on ELISA, out of which 14 (4.66%) were found positive to anti-HCV antibodies. These positive cases were considered for HCV genome detection using RT-PCR. The results showed that 05 (1.66%) samples are positive for HCV RNA while 09 were found negative. It is determined that RT-PCR technique can be used for the detection of Hepatitis C Virus because it is quick and reliable.
International students are highly vulnerable to the risk of mental health worsening before and during the pandemic . This study investigated international students' mental health pre-and post-pandemic (COVID-19). Methods: It is a longitudinal study, and data were collected online, pre-pandemic (N = 470) and during the pandemic (N = 420). Using a random sampling technique, a self-administered questionnaire was used to measure mental health, including depression and anxiety. Results: Findings show that international students' mental health was good in pre-pandemic. Meanwhile, international students were found to be more depressed and anxious during the pandemic. Findings also investigated that in the pre-pandemic phase, young students' and mainly females' mental health was worsened. Conclusion:This study concluded that students' mental problems are alarming, so the university should provide psychological services for the student's mental health. Post-pandemic is leaving long-lasting psychological effects and will require further investigation.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a serious worldwide public health issue both in underdeveloped and developed countries. About two billion individuals were infected by HBV globally, of which 400 million were chronic HBV carrier. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the seroprevalence and some possible risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection among male blood donors in district Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 460 male blood donors with age range 15-55 years were screened for HBsAg by Immunochromatographic technique (ICT) and 3 rd generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Out of 460 samples, 11(2.39%) were found positive for HBsAg by ICT, and 13(2.82%) were HBsAg positive by ELISA. The mean seroprevalence of HBV from both ICT and ELISA was 2.60%. The highest seroprevalence (46.15%) was observed among the donor groups with age range of 21-30 years followed by (30.76%) among 15-20 years, (15.38%) among 31-40 years and the lowest seroprevalence (7.69%) among 41-55 years. Blood transfusion (30.76%) was the most apparent influencing risk factor for HBV followed by dental treatment (23.07%), Sexual partner positive for HBV infection (15.38%), surgery and shave by the barbers (7.69%) for each and unknown reason (15.38%).
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