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Background: Annual type 1 diabetes cases in children under the age of 15 are estimated to be around 96,000 worldwide. The pathophysiological explanation for diabetes-related hearing loss is speculative. Usually, hearing loss is bilateral, gradual onset, affecting higher frequencies. It is a well-known entity in type 2 diabetic mellitus. This study aims at knowing the prevalence of hearing loss in children with type 1 diabetic mellitus with respect to duration of diabetic mellitus. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based comparative study was conducted involving 60 diabetic children and 60 healthy (control) children. Brainstem evoked response audiometry test was done in both groups. Reports were compared and prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss in diabetic children and the corelation with the duration of disease were analyzed. Results: The mean age among cases was 11.93±2.9 years and the mean age among controls was 9.08±1.92 years. Among diabetic group, 25 (41.7%) were male, 35 (58.3%) were female. Among non-diabetic group, 33 (55%) were male, 27 (45%) were female. Although none of the diabetic children had hearing loss, the differences in absolute latency waves I, II, III, IV, and V between diabetic group and non-diabetic group in the right ear and waves I and II and III and V between diabetic group and non-diabetic group in the left ear was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The difference in interpeak latency values of wave I and wave V between diabetic and non-diabetic group in right ear and between wave I–V and wave III–V in the left ear was found to be statistically strongly significant (p<0.001). This indicates prolonged absolute latency and interpeak latency among diabetics than non-diabetics. Since none of the diabetic children had hearing loss, the corelation of hearing loss with the duration of the disease was unable to obtain. Conclusion: This study stresses on the need for frequent follow-up and hearing evaluation of the type 1 diabetic children for the early detection of hearing loss.

Background: Stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause. Acute ischemic stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and most common cause of long-term disability worldwide. Hyponatremia is the commonest electrolyte disturbance encountered in the neurological intensive care units. This study investigated to evaluate hyponatremia in acute ischemic stroke patients as a reliable prognostic marker on admission to ICU.Methods: A total of 150 patients admitted to M S Ramaiah Hospitals during the period of October 2014 to September 2016 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were considered in the study. All patients were evaluated by neurologist/ physician and the diagnosis of Acute ischemic stroke was made by Clinical examination and confirmed by Computed Tomography (CT) and/ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium level <135 mmol/L and recorded on admission. Outcome was assessed by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, day 5 and at discharge, duration of ICU stay, duration of hospital stay and in-patient mortality.Results: Among the 150 patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke, mean age was 60 years, 68% were males and 36% patients had hyponatremia. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups except for gender distribution (p=0.037). Hyponatremic patients had higher NIHSS score on admission, on day 5 and at discharge (p=<0.001). Hyponatremic patients had a longer duration of ICU stay (p=<0.001) and in hospital stay (p=<0.001). Hyponatremia was associated with higher mortality in hospital (p=0.026).Conclusions: Study demonstrates that hyponatremia at admission in acute ischemic stroke patients is associated with acute mortality, worse NIHSS score at admission and at discharge, and longer duration of ICU and hospital stay.