Overfeeding in infancy may lead to overweight and obesity in later childhood. Mothers are advised to "tune in" to their infant's hunger, appetite and satiation cues to prevent overfeeding. The present study aimed to 1) assess stability and change in infant hunger and satiety cues (first two years of life) taken at six monthly intervals; 2) track the expression of appetite cues during the course of a meal (beginning, middle and end). Thirty-eight women (mean age 35.3 + 3.7 years) participated in the study. Mothers were within a normal weight range (BMI = 22 + 3.3 kg/m), most were married (N = 35; 95%) and for most this was not their first child. After an initial investigation (T1) follow-up visits took place every six months with filmed meals involving solid foods. A typical meal contained foods high in protein and carbohydrate plus cooked vegetables. Films were viewed and communication cues (engagement indicating appetite and disengagement indicating satiation) identified and recorded by appearance using the NCAST (Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training). Coding included the frequency and time at which each cue appeared. Results showed that infants were more likely to communicate potent engagement cues such as babbling, mutual gaze and looking at mother with age. None of the disengagement cues showed any significant main effects of time of follow up. Most, not all, feeding cues were stable across the segment of the feed and did not show a simple linear change across the meal, rather this appeared to develop with age. Raising awareness of these cues with mothers may encourage more responsive and positive mealtime interactions.
The aim of the study was to find out the causes of primary school dropout among girls in district Jaffar abad. The data was amassed through the aid of the close ended questionnaires specially designed for teachers, dropped out girls, and their parents. A sample of 150People was chosen by using stratified random sampling technique. The amassed data was tabulated and analyse by using simple percentage method. The study explored the causes of school dropout by documenting the opinions of the teachers, dropped out student and their parents. The respondents displayed disparate opinions concerning girls’ dropout at primary level. They contemplated that area gives less importance to girls’ education. Gender disparity, linguistic related problems, custom of early marriage, cultural and religious beliefs influence of tribal leadership, untrained teachers and corporal punishment were also reported as major causes of school dropout. The findings of the study will be helpful for the government, parents and teachers to take measures in order to control high dropout rate and increase enrolment rate at primary level of schooling.
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