Aim: This study investigated the effect of the ethanol leaf extract and fractions of Justicia secunda on platelets and WBC counts in mice. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out on the ethanol leaf extract of justicia secunda. A total of 96 apparently healthy mice of different sex were used in this study. Fourteen treated and two control groups of six mice each were used to investigate the effect of leaf extract and fractions of justicia secunda on platelets and white blood cell counts in mice (Groups 1-12) using 20mg/kg/i.p. phenyl-hydrazine (PHZ) daily for 2 days, and then intervention with ethanol extract and 3 fractions (n-hexane, ethylacetate and n-butanol) for 6 days. The positive control group received 20 mg/kg PHZ i.p. only, while the negative control group received food and water only. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexuses of the mice into EDTA-containing specimen bottles on the 7th day and analyzed for white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) count. Results: The ethanol leaf extract significantly decreased the platelets and white blood cell count compared to the negative control groups (p< 0.05), they were almost brought back to normal(baseline).The fractions (n-hexane MD, ethyl acetate HD and n-butanol HD) had statistical significant effect on WBC (p< 0.009) in a dose dependent manner. Some of the fractions of J. secunda however had no significant effect on platelets counts (p > 0.146) compared with the control. Conclusion: n-butanol fraction of J. secunda leaf possessed better significant effect on WBC when compared with other fractions, thus, perhaps eliciting immunosuppresant action in the mice.

Hyperlipidemia is a common disease around the world which has affected both developed and developing countries, in this disease blood level of lipids is elevated more than normal range. Elevated lipids levels (cholesterol, fats, and triglyceride) predispose the patient to various serious and sometimes lethal complications such as cardiovascular disease, cerebral strokes, hepatic and renal dysfunction. This review emphasizes on some plants (extracts) having anti-cholesterol actions, including; Glycyrrhiza glabra,Legenaria siceraria,Medicago sativa,Curcuma longa,Syzygium cerasoideum, Leptopus Cordifolius Decne, Piper longum, Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Carum carvi, Carica papaya, Gloriosa superba, Ficus religiosa, Eleucine coracana, Lycium europaeum and Hibiscus sabdariffa for anti-hyperlipidemic potential. increase in the levels of these lipoproteins like, triglycerides (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)includes some mechanisms of actions of these medicinal plants observed in triton-x, cholesterol, high fat diet, Poloxamer-407, Dexamethasone and alloxan-induced in-vivo and in-vitro models. Additionally, this review gives proof to the fact that these medicinal plants can be used for the management and prophylaxis of hyperlipidermia, thus reducing complications associated with hyperlipidermia.

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Paracetamol is used worldwide for its analgesic and antipyretic actions. Its spectrum of activity similar to that of NSAIDs and resembles particularly the COX-2 selective inhibitors,but with a lesser anti-inflammatory effect, its metabolism is complex, and its analgesic mechanisms have not been completely understood. It was previously explained to produce analgesia by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which is incorrect, however recent findings revealed that acetaminophen is metabolized to p-aminophenol, which crosses the blood-brain barrier and get metabolized by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) to yield N-acylphenolamine (AM404). AM404 acts on a number of receptors viz; the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in the midbrain and medulla which are mediators of pain modulation. Moreover it has also been reported to act via Cav3.2 calcium channel. Evidence also show that acetaminophen analgesic action of acetaminophen could be due to its interaction with endogenous neurotransmitter systems, opioid, serotonergic systems and nitric oxide system. additionally, it is also been unraveled that paracetamol may exert novel mechanisms of action, likely relevant for their analgesic action, by modulating protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and substance P (SP) in the peripheral sensory neurons. This review is geared towards explaining and updating with experimental proof the analgesic novel mechanism of action of Acetaminophen since it has no ant-inflammory effect