Treatment of one day old females (previtellogenic) of A. persicus with JHA (Admiral) showed a significant effect on viability of deposited eggs and on total mortality of post-embryonic stages. On the other hand, treatment of 3-days old females (vitellogenic) and 7-days old females (post-vitellogenic and ovulation) of A. persicus exhibited a highly significant effect on viability of eggs and on total mortality of post-embryonic stages (especially larval and younger nymphal instars). The topical application of JHA (Admiral) in different doses to newly laid eggs (0-1 h POP) of A. persicus has a highly significant effect on the development of treated eggs. This was also true in case of dipping of egg masses in solution containing different doses of Admiral for 1 minute. This effect increased by increasing the dose of the hormonal material.

The present work was carried out to study the biological aspect of B. brevicornis when reared on different hosts (Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Corcera cephalonica, Sesamia cretica, Spodoptera littoralis and Pectinophora gossypiella). Our Results assured that the type of host had great impact on the durations of the immature stages and longevity of the parasitoid. The highest & lowest incubation periods were when reared the parasitoids on Pectinophora gossypiella (45.75±1.4hours) and E. kuehniella (39.87±0.95 hours) respectively, the difference was insignificant at the other hosts. Duration of larval stages was significant shorter when parasitoid reared on S. cretica (1.86±0.079 days) than the rest hosts. The longer pupation period was recorded when parasitoid reared on Pectinophora gossypiella (7.6±0.13 days), but was insignificant on the other hosts. The highest duration period of immature stage was when reared B.brevicornis on P. gossypiella (12.75±0.74 days) but insignificant difference when reared on G.mellonella [ 9.16±0.22 days ] and S. cretica [ 9.91±0.14 days ]. The mean duration of male longevity of parasitoids was longer when reared on E. kuehniella (15.73±0.73 days) and shorter when reared on C.cephalonica (11.75±0.51 days). The mean duration of female parasitoids was highest when reared parasitoids on S. cretica (19.6±0.51 days). The total number of eggs laid per female of B.brevicornis during its life span was highest on Galleria mellonella (268.88±19.65 eggs), and lowest on C.cephalonica (78.1±10.63 eggs). A percentage of eggs hatchability was significantly lowest when reared on S. littoralis (0.09±0.02642 %) than when reared on the other hosts, while percentage of emergence was insignificantly different when reared on Sesamia cretica (87.36±3.92 %) and Pectinophora gossypiella (87.02±3.85 %).

The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between insects and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net Provided for non-commercial research and education use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use.In this work we studied the effects of the Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisoplia on Bracon brevicornis in the laboratory to evaluate the possibility of application of entomopathogenic fungi and the parasitoid Bracon brevicornis side by side in IPM programs. Metarhizium anisoplia was found No mortality observed at the highest concentration (4g/L) and the lowest tested concentration while the recommended concentration recorded mortality (0.1333±0.0908%) of B. brevicornis adult. While The recommended concentration (2g/L) of B. bassiana induced no mortality among the adult parasitoids while its highest tested concentration (4g/L) and the lowest concentration (1g/L) gave mortality (0.0667±.06667%) and (0.1333±0.0908%) respectively.

The efficiency of chitin synthesis inhibitor (Lufenuron), ethanolic and acetonic extracts of rice bran (Oryza sativa) were evaluated against Musca domestica eggs by direct application using topical, dipping technique and by treating vitellogenic females by both compounds. Treatment of females with different concentrations of both compounds significantly reduce egg hatchability and the effect is dose dependent. The inhibition of egg hatching increased with increase in concentration of the compound. Direct application of both compounds to newly laid eggs (0-15 min) of Musca domestica proved to be more effective in reducing egg hatchability especially when using dipping technique. Percentage total inhibition reached 93.04±0.57 at 3 ppm for Lufenuron and 100% total inhibition at 200 ppm of acetonic extract of rice bran (Oryza sativa). This data confirm the efficiency of growth regulator derived from Oryza sativa straw and chitin synthesis inhibitor (Lufenuron). The results indicated that the acetonic extract of rice bran is significantly effective in preventing hatching than that of ethanolic extract. This is explained that the less polar the extract (acetonic) of rice bran, the more its effectiveness against eggs.

Embryonic development of the fowl tick A. persicus was investigated during cleavage stage, blastoderm formation, gastrulation and organogenesis. Cleavage started 1 h post-oviposition (POP) and is indicated by presence of vitellophages of different sizes. Blastoderm is formed at 48 h POP. Secondary vitellophages are observed by 24 h POP. By 72 h POP, the germ band is formed. At 96 h POP, while the embryonic envelops are formed, gastrulation of the germ band takes place. Segmentation and differentiation of germ band, as well as, blastokinesis occur at 120 h POP. The stomodaeal and proctodaeal invagination started to differentiate at 120 h POP. The anterior and posterior midgut rudiments can be observed at 144 h POP. By 168 h POP, the nervous system, as well as, rectal sac and malpighian tubules are formed.Histological study revealed that application of JHA (Admiral) to newly laid eggs of A. persicus blocked the embryonic development of affected eggs at cleavage stage and before blastoderm and pole cells formation. In 24 h-old treated eggs, few cleavage nuclei appeared with absence of secondary vitellophages and pole cells. In 48 h-old treated eggs, the blastoderm was rudimentary and irregularly arranged. In 72 h-old treated eggs, disintegration of the rudimentary blastoderm and cracking of the cytoplasm could be seen. Starting from 96-old eggs until hatching at 168 h, complete destruction of the eggs was clear.