An overview of ionophore-based electrodes for ammonium sensing critically analyzing contributions in the last 20 years and with focus in analytical applications.
The
growth of (bio)sensors in analytical chemistry is mainly attributable
to the development of affordable, effective, portable, and user-friendly
analytical tools. In the field of sensors, paper-based devices are
gaining a relevant position for their outstanding features including
foldability, ease of use, and instrument-free microfluidics. Herein,
a multifarious use of filter paper to detect copper ions in bodily
fluids is reported by exploiting this eco-friendly material to (i)
synthesize AuNPs without the use of reductants and/or external stimuli,
(ii) print the electrodes, (iii) load the reagents for the assay,
(iv) filter the gross impurities, and (v) preconcentrate the target
analyte. Copper ions were detected down to 3 ppb with a linearity
up to 400 ppb in standard solutions. The applicability in biological
matrices, namely, sweat and serum, was demonstrated by recovery studies
and by analyzing these biofluids with the paper-based platform and
the reference method (atomic absorption spectroscopy), demonstrating
satisfactory accuracy of the novel eco-designed analytical tool.
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