We report a case of infant death due to scurvy, which is very rare in Japan. We initially had little knowledge of the disease and suspected that the bleeding in the body was caused by domestic violence. The case did not fall under the category of the battered child syndrome but the death was caused by ignorance with respect to child care. In addition the parents usually locked the child alone in a room during the day and this is probably a case of neglect.
Situs inversus totalis is well known, but its comprehensive description has been rare, especially on the internal view of the heart. For discussions based on recent results in developmental biology, the present study demonstrates a region- or part-specific manner of the inverted morphology found in a male donated cadaver and discusses the pathogenetic mechanisms of situs inversus in the human. Therein, clearly inverted morphologies existed in the coronary vessels, the apex position (dextracardia), connections between the heart and great vessels, the internal view of the atrium, the aortic arch with the three major branches, lung and liver segments and abdominal gastrointestinal tract. However, the ventricular internal view suggested incomplete laterality, such as tricuspid atrioventricular valves for both ventricles. The cardiac conductive system appeared not to be inverted but abnormal. The thoracic aorta and pulmonary artery took an L-spiral position with modifications. The inferior vena cava was located on the right side of the abdominal aorta. However, the left-sided kidney was located superior to the right-sided kidney. Similarly, the testicular vessels did not exhibit a clearly inverted morphology, but were almost normal. Therefore, the posterior mediastinal and retroperitoneal structures appeared to exhibit neutral laterality, incomplete inverted morphology or even normal morphology. According to the personal history and present histology, this specimen was unlikely to correspond to Kartagener's syndrome. The present observations seem to be consistent with recent findings in mutant models of laterality disturbances, in which a single gene or molecule is responsible for the changes in a region-specific manner.
It is critical for sport management researchers to comprehend the unique aspects of products provided by sport organizations. The present paper, including two studies, attempted to clarify the product attributes of professional sport clubs in consideration of competitive relations with other products. The first study employed literature reviews and conceptual approaches, whereas the second study used quantitative data to examine the attributes empirically.Using the following three perspectives; relationships with products in the same categories, industries to belong, and benefits to provide, the first study identified several product attributes of sport clubs that do not apply to common understanding in privious studies on management. The second study clarified distinctive benefits of spectating games (e.g., excitement and vicarious achievement), which were different from the benefits offered by other leisure activities. It was also found that consumers highly involved in a product (i.e., spectating a game) were likely to obtain various benefits.
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