African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious viral haemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild pigs, caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). After entering China in 2018, the disease has continued to spread through Asia. In September 2019, a team from the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, investigated outbreaks in backyard pigs in the Dairi and Humbang Hasundutan districts of North Sumatra province. In January 2020, three pigs purchased from a pig seller in Bogor District, West Java province were also tested. Real‐time PCR results confirmed ASFV DNA in sixteen out of twenty‐nine samples, with nine positive samples from North Sumatra and seven from West Java. Four partial or full‐length genes (i.e. p72, p54, pB602L and CD2v) and a 356‐bp fragment between the I73R and I329L genes were sequenced from representative samples. Phylogenetic analysis established that the ASFV in the samples from both North Sumatra and West Java were identical, indicating a common source of infection, and that they belonged to the p72 genotype II and serogroup 8. The sequences from the Indonesian ASFVs were also identical to other genotype II ASFV from domestic pigs in Vietnam, China and Russia.
<p class="00-6Abstrak2Wtz">African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease in pigs that caused by the double-stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. The disease is characterized by haemorrhages in the ears, back and legs. This virus causes death in pigs and has a large economic impact. However, ASF is not a zoonotic disease, hence it has no an impact on human health. This paper will discuss about ASF disease, route of transmision, how to diagnose, and handling of ASF. This disease has spread throughout Asia in a relatively short time in 2019, and this exotic disease has been reported entering Indonesia at the end of 2019. There is no effective prevention and control of the disease. Several vaccines have been developed but are still considered ineffective while commercial vaccines are not yet available. Safety and effectiveness of vaccines are still being considered because ASF virus is very unique and different from other DNA viruses,. Therefore, prevention of ASF infection should be done by conducting strict biosecurity, applying regulations on the movement of pigs and pig products to the region or country.</p>
<p><em>Lumpy skin disease</em> (LSD) menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi bagi peternak sapi, yang disebabkan oleh virus LSD, genus <em>Capripoxvirus</em>, famili <em>Poxviridae</em>. Penyakit ini di karakterisasi dengan adanya nodul pada kulit. Virus ini hanya menginfeksi sapi dan kerbau rawa yang memiliki tingkat mortalitas rendah, namun tingkat morbiditas tinggi. Sedangkan virus ini tidak menginfeksi kambing dan domba. Hingga saat ini, LSD belum pernah dilaporkan di Indonesia, oleh karena itu pengenalan penyakit LSD diperlukan terutama bagi dokter hewan dan paramedis lapangan sehingga infeksi LSD dapat diketahui dan penanganannya dapat dilakukan lebih dini. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai penyakit LSD, cara penyebaran penyakit, epidemiologi, diagnosis, faktor risiko serta pengendalian penyakit LSD, sehingga diharapkan masuknya infeksi LSD dapat terdeteksi sedini mungkin dan diantisipasi dengan lebih arif oleh pemangku kebijakan.</p><p> </p>
Newcastle disease (ND) is a very contagious disease in chickens and turkeys and one of the most important diseases of poultry in the world. The infection causes sudden death with high mortality. In Indonesia, Newcastle disease in recent years showed symptoms slightly different from previous symptoms of this disease. NDV infection of genotipe VII has been reported to cause this outbreak in several commercial poultry farms in Indonesia. This study aimed to isolate and identify the recent ND virus and determine group of genotype of ND in Indonesia for the development of seed of ND vaccines expected to be more effective in the control of Newcastle disease in the field. The method used in this study includes the collection of samples from the field, ND virus isolation, RT-PCR and DNA sequencing of the F and HN genes of ND viruses. Our result showed that six isolates belong to genotype VII of ND viruses, one isolate belong to genotype VI and the other isolate belong to genotype I. The prediction of pathotypes of amino acids sequence on F gene of NDV indicated that seven isolates have motif R-R-R-K-R and R-R-Q-K-R which is a marker for pathotype for velogenic of ND viruses. The cleavage site of amino acid sequences from one isolate (RIVS isolate) has G-K-Q-G-R-L which is lentogenic pathotype of NDV. This study indicated that genotype VII viruses were predominant virus circulating in the field and we suggested the update of master seed vaccine of ND in Indonesia.
Quails, Coturnix sp, are commercially bred for meat and egg production in order to support the needs for animal protein. Cases of H5N1 Avian Influenza still occur sporadically at quail farms. Vaccination become an option as a precaution against possible exposure to H5N1 AI virus. Thirty quails were vaccinated with bivalent inactivated H5N1 AI vaccine (clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2) and 10 quails were used as control group. The quails were vaccinated with one dose (0.3 ml) per bird intramuscularly at the age of 23 days and booster was done at the age of 45 days. The response after a single vaccination showed that antibody titers were not optimal, but after the booster vaccination the antibody titers showed 4.2 log2 in average against the H5N1 AI antigen of clade 2.1.3 and 3.7 log2 against the antigen of clade 2.3.2. A challenge test with H5N1 influenza virus either with clade 2.1.3 or clade 2.3.2 indicated a 70% protection. Nevertheless, viral shedding was detected ≥7 days post-challenge. As conclusion, vaccination with inactivated bivalent vaccine H5N1 AI clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 induced antibody that were was not homogenous nor optimal.
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