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Objectives: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans. Search strategy: The following electronic retrieval systems and databases were selected for identification of studies. The Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Pub Med, LILACS / BBO, MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT. Selection criteria: Studies with both herbal and chlorhexidine mouth rinse with outcome measure like zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration were included for this review. Conclusion: This review demonstrates that, compared to herbal mouth rinse, chlorhexidine mouth rinse provided better results in its antimicrobial efficacy against streptococcus mutans. Further research could study the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal mouth rinse in greater depth and in vivo clinical testing is essential to confirm the in vitro results.

Aim: The aim of this research was to assess the damage to root dentin that arises from retreatment with different engine-driven NiTi retreatment files employing micro-computed tomography. Materials and Methods: Sixty mandibular premolar teeth having a single root and root canal that were recently extracted were gathered and stored. The specimens were de-coronated at the cementoenamel junction under water irrigation to achieve a homogeneous root length of 16 millimeters. Gutta-percha cones were coated with sealants and placed within the radicular canal till the WL. All sixty premolars were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups, with every group comprising 20 sample teeth each. Group 1: MTwo Retreatment files, Group 2: ProTaper Universal Retreatment files, Group 3: Edge File XR Retreatment rotary files. The quantity of root dentinal injury was estimated by deducting the dentin volume (mm3) in the pre- and post-therapy micro-CT scans at apical, middle, and cervical 3rd points. Results: An intra-group comparative scrutiny showed that lower radicular dentinal injury was noted at apical 3rd (0.31 ± 0.16, 0.62 ± 0.02) in Edge File XR Retreatment file system and MTwo Retreatment file system in that order. The statistically significant disparity was seen amid the MTwo Retreatment file, Edge File XR Retreatment file system and ProTaper Universal Retreatment file, Edge File XR Retreatment file system with P value of 0.001on intergroup assessment. Conclusion: In spite of the limitations that this research had, it was inferred that each assessed file system proficiently eradicated the obturated material through the retreatment procedure performed. In addition, it was seen that the Edge File XR group showed lesser root dentin damage in contrast to MTwo and ProTaper Universal file systems.

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Context:This study was done to determine the level and type of microbial contamination present on the surface of various dental laboratory equipment and laboratory attire and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolated pathogens.Subjects and Methods:The samples were divided into following groups: six groups of dental laboratory equipment (articulators, facebow, fox plane, polishing buff, micromotor handpiece, and surveyors) and dental attire of laboratory technicians and students. A total of 33 swabs were collected from each dental laboratory equipment, namely, articulators, facebow, fox plane, polishing buff, micromotor handpiece, and surveyors. The dental laboratory attire of students and dental technicians were analyzed separately. The swabs were collected from the laboratory attire at the end of the week, and they were washed once a week and at the beginning of the week. The groups are Group 1 – dental laboratory attire (students), Group 2 – dental laboratory attire (technicians), Group 3 – polishing buff, Group 4 – facebow, Group 5 – surveyor, Group 6 – fox plane, Group 7 – articulator, and Group 8 – micromotor handpiece. The moistened swabs were inoculated into the broth and subcultured on to the MacConkey Agar plates, and then incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. The organisms were identified based on colony morphology, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolated organisms were done according to the CLSI guidelines. The collected data were statistically analyzed.Statistical Analysis Used:The data collected were entered into a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 22 (Armonk, NY, IBM Corp.). The frequency and mean standard deviation of the samples were analyzed using Fisher's exact value test. Percentage of resistance among the isolates to different antimicrobials was also determined.Results:The microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria, and Bacillus species. The mean microbial levels in dental laboratory attire were more (5 log10 colony-forming units [CFU]) compared with dental equipment (3 log10 CFU–4 log10 CFU). Furthermore, most of the isolated organisms showed increased antimicrobial resistance.Conclusion:Majority of the isolated organisms were not a part of the normal oral microflora and are capable of causing various diseases. The increased resistance to the antimicrobials showed by the isolated organisms proves that there are increased chances of multiresistant organisms to occur in the future.

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