Hydrodynamic characteristics, such as drop size, dispersed phase hold-up and flooding have been studied experimentally in a pulsed sieve plate extraction column of 0.076 m diameter. Geometrical parameters like perforation diameter, plate spacing and fractional free area (FFA) of sieve plate and operating parameters, such as pulse velocity and superficial velocities of dispersed and continuous phase, were studied using kerosenewater system. The drop size was reduced with decrease in perforation diameter, plate spacing, FFA and pulse velocity. Dispersed phase hold-up was found to be a function of drop size and superficial velocity of dispersed phase. At pulse velocity of 0.025m/s the parabolic behaviour with maxima at the transition from mixer-settler to dispersion regime of flooding curve has been noticed for all the different geometrical conditions. The maximum mass transfer interface together with utmost throughput was obtained at perforation diameter of 0.003 m, plate spacing of 0.05m and FFA of 0.2. The optimal operating parameters were pulse velocity of 0.025 m/s and superficial velocity of 0.006 m/s using organic to aqueous ratio (O/A) of 1:1. The drop size attained at these conditions was 0.0015 m with dispersed phase hold-up of 18%. The correlations developed can be used for the prediction of hold-up and drop size.
For the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers, raft forming systems incorporating Nizatidine were developed to provide sustained drug release and prolong gastric residence time. The raft forming formulations contained Nizatidine as a raft forming agent, Isabgol as a gelling polymer and sodium bicarbonate as an agent to generate gas and calcium carbonate as an agent to strengthen gels. Sodium bicarbonate, along with divalent Ca++ ions, forms a floating raft loaded with drugs. Raft formulation was optimized by applying Full Factorial Design of 33. Testing was done on all batches for pH, In-Vitro Floating, Raft strength, Acid Neutralizing capacity, viscosity, and drug release. The majority of formulations using Isabgol as a gelling agent have a gelled raft in less than 2 minutes and are buoyant for more than 8 hours in 0.1N hydrochloric acid having pH 1.2. Optimized batches show good administration capabilities and better stability over six months. The studies conducted suggested that raft forming systems made from natural polymers carrying drugs could be used to deliver gastroretentive drugs.
Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution, focuses on various digital transformations within manufacturing units that help them improve their connections and networks, leading to better product evaluation according to the diversified and changing market. Connections are at the heart of the golden age: the link between a company and its related departments, people and products, and global relationships between consumers, suppliers, and producers. All stakeholders must communicate effectively and agree on best practices to ensure smooth daily operations and prompt problem resolutions to maximise the power and potential of such connections. Inculcating and reviewing the applications of Industry 4.0 aspects in a Chemical Industry is the subject of this paper. The paper would assist enterprises in understanding how digitalisation will help them increase production efficiency and integrate their business. It also explains the various enabling technologies under Industry 4.0 that help capture process data from industrial devices, connectivity for data captured, and business intelligence tools to convert that data into impact. This paper also emphasises the challenges associated with promoting Industry 4.0. Methodologies for putting the fourth revolution strategy into action in the chemical industry would be efficiently carried out as a result of this.
The complexity of the petroleum industry is also reflected in the manner of its treatment units. The treatment of fuels such as jet fuels, petroleum derivatives, gasoline, etc. is imperative for the industry that needs efficient methods for processing them for further utilization. Earlier conventional methods in today’s times are somewhat looked at with the eyes of suspicion owing to the increased hazards and pollution resulting in increased environmental degradation and concerns. Hence, in order to decrease the environmental impact of conventional treating methods, new techniques and processes are being used. For this, the major milestone for decreasing environmental impact resultant of usage of fuel and petroleum derivatives is to decrease the sulphur quantities in the products. Therefore, the process of desulphurization has gained a major attraction in the petroleum industry. For the purpose of understanding the concept of desulphurization, especially in terms of desulphurization of jet fuels, the present study was conducted. This study is a review comprising of meta-analysis of existing literature on the topic. Moreover, apart from different forms of desulphurization, the present study focuses on two methods, i.e., hydrodesulphurization and Merox process, with more inclination to understand use of Merox process as a contemporary method for desulphurization of jet fuels.
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