Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles with tunable size and desirable properties is a foremost thrust area of the biomedical research domain. Though these features primarily rely on the synthetic approaches involved, with advancements in this area, it has been documented that the synthesis parameters and surface modifiers have a direct impact on the morphology and eventually on the biomedical properties. “Sensing” remains a major application of nanomaterials owing to their small size and unusual physicochemical properties, but in the past few years, a paradigm shift has occurred toward “theranostic” combination of the sensing and therapeutic features on a single platform. Copper oxide nanoparticles have been efficiently used for sensing and targeting in both in-vivo and in-vitro environments, although few key challenges are yet to be resolved before implementing at a commercial level. This review article attempts to summarize the recent advancements in the various synthetic approaches toward copper oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. It highlights various synthetic methodologies including electrochemical, chemical, and biogenic methods, the role of surface modifiers in growth mechanisms, and their impact on biomedical applications. Finally, the current status, key challenges, and future perspective of copper oxide nanoparticles will be discussed that inevitably have an impact on their current and future scenarios.

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A facile method for the aqueous phase synthesis of cysteine-functionalized silver nanoparticles by potato extract has been reported in the present work. These functionalized nanoparticles were then used for the covalent immobilization of a biomolecule, alkaline phosphatase, on its surface through carbodiimide coupling. Different reaction parameters such as cysteine concentration, reducing agent concentration, temperature, pH and reaction time were varied during the nanoparticles' formation, and their effects on plasmon resonance were studied using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the surface modification of silver nanoparticles by cysteine and the particle size analysis was done using particle size analyzer, which showed the average nanoparticles' size of 61 nm for bare silver nanoparticles and 201 nm for the enzyme-immobilized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be highly efficient for the covalent immobilization of alkaline phosphatase on its surface and retained 67% of its initial enzyme activity (9.44 U/mg), with 75% binding efficiency. The shelf life of the enzyme-nanoparticle bioconjugates was found to be 60 days, with a 12% loss in the initial enzyme activity. With a simple synthesis strategy, high immobilization efficiency and enhanced stability, these enzyme-coated nanoparticles have the potential for further integration into the biosensor technology.

A number of biosensors have been developed for phosphate analysis particularly, concerning its negative impact within the environmental and biological systems. Enzymatic biosensors comprising either a single or multiple enzymatic system have been extensively used for the direct and indirect analysis of phosphate ions. Furthermore, some non-enzymatic biosensors, such as affinity-based biosensors, provide an alternative analytical approach with a higher selectivity. This article reviews the recent advances in the field of biosensor developed for phosphate estimation in clinical and environmental samples, concerning the techniques involved, and the sensitivity toward phosphate ions. The biosensors have been classified and discussed on the basis of the number of enzymes used to develop the analytical system, and a comparative analysis has been performed.

Green synthesis is a widely used for the preparation of silver nanoparticles. The use of plant extracts for these syntheses has become common in recent years because they are nontoxic, inexpensive, and widely available. Phytochemicals such as terpenoids, flavones, ketones, aldehydes, amides, and carboxylic acids are the primary active ingredients for nanoparticle synthesis. Reaction temperature plays an important role during the reduction process as it influences the reaction time, particle size, and the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance peak. This review presents an overview of recently developed and reported silver nanoparticle syntheses using plant extracts. The role of temperature in nanoparticles synthesis and potential Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 23:17 19 June 2015 2 applications have been reviewed. A brief description of the reaction mechanism and nanoparticle characterization techniques are also included.

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