Recent advances in phosphate biosensors

Abstract

A number of biosensors have been developed for phosphate analysis particularly, concerning its negative impact within the environmental and biological systems. Enzymatic biosensors comprising either a single or multiple enzymatic system have been extensively used for the direct and indirect analysis of phosphate ions. Furthermore, some non-enzymatic biosensors, such as affinity-based biosensors, provide an alternative analytical approach with a higher selectivity. This article reviews the recent advances in the field of biosensor developed for phosphate estimation in clinical and environmental samples, concerning the techniques involved, and the sensitivity toward phosphate ions. The biosensors have been classified and discussed on the basis of the number of enzymes used to develop the analytical system, and a comparative analysis has been performed.

Poly(pyrrole‐co‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic acid)/Pyruvate Oxidase Based Biosensor for Phosphate: Determination of the Potential, and Application in Streams

“…An excellent storage stability was obtained (with repeated use over two weeks) due to the successful integration of enzyme and the co‐factors, via crosslinking with bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde, onto the nanowires . However, phosphate biosensor reports are still limited and there is still a lack of commercial phosphate biosensor in the market . They are still lagging behind in terms of detection limit and sensitivity, while many of them have low lifetime and stability in practical applications.…”

“…These methods have disadvantages such as producing toxic waste, exhausting, time-consuming, requiring expensive instrumentation and expertise [5,6]. In addition, these techniques including carcinogenic chemicals such as molybdenum makes health hazardous [2]. Biosensor is an alternative method to measure phosphate concentration directly.…”

“…Phosphate effects the ecological balance and quality of life in terms of environmental and clinical aspects consists of many natural and anthropogenic source. Aquatic plants require low phosphate concentration (0.025–0.1 mg L −1 ) for growing . Increased phosphate concentration leads to eutrophication (algal bloom) in natural water sources such as lakes, reservoirs, dams etc.…”

Plant Synthetic Biology: Quantifying the “Known Unknowns” and Discovering the “Unknown Unknowns”

“…Future work integrating multiple biosensors for different developmental signals or different elements within a signaling pathway will greatly improve our understanding of the connectivity and tunability of these signals and the developmental processes they regulate. Integrating nutrient biosensors with developmental signaling will also be crucial to our ability to engineer plants with low resource requirements (Chen et al, 2012b;Upadhyay and Verma, 2015;Okumoto and Versaw, 2017). Novel plant signaling mechanisms are also being revealed by biosensors, such as the recently uncovered Glu-triggered long-distance calcium signaling after wounding (Toyota et al, 2018).…”

Simple disclosure of plasmon resonance band maxima by ultraviolet spectroscopy coupled to centrifugation, determination of percentage recovery, a case study of Gnetum bucholzianum Engl. leaf mediated silver nanoparticles

“…Green synthesis or manufacturing includes the methods and technologies that are directed toward the minimum usage of material and energy with little waste production. It includes the development of new green chemicals and water based industrial processes that are more eco-compatible [3]. Quantitative chemical applications of metal nanostructures require colloidal samples containing a very large number of pure and well-defined particles.…”