Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurring commonly in the oral mucosa and jaw of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive adult males. PBL is not a common occurrence in children and a presentation with malignant effusion is rarely reported. Herein, we share our experience in the challenges confronted in the diagnosis of PBL in a 6-year-old, HIV positive boy presenting with malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions along with gum hypertrophy, lymphadenopathy and paranasal sinus mass. Amenability of pleural effusion to exfoliative cytology led to an initial cytological examination demonstrating large atypical lymphoid cells with plasmacytoid morphology and a plasmablastic variant of Burkitt lymphoma was initially considered. However immunophenotyping by flowcytometry (FCM) and a cell block immunohistochemical evaluation of the serous effusion suggested a plasma cell immunophenotype and a diagnosis of PBL was favored. A subsequent biopsy from the paranasal sinus mass confirmed the diagnosis of PBL but showed tumour cell angiocentricity on morphology and CD45 expression on immunohistochemistry (IHC), both unusual features in PBL. A CD20 negative/MUM-1 positive immunoprofile and presence of a solid tumour mass in a typical location in addition to malignant effusion substantiated the diagnosis of PBL. The patient was offered HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) and chemotherapy and is on follow-up. Paediatric PBL with malignant effusion is rarely reported and this case stresses the importance of use of a multimodality diagnostic approach for an accurate diagnosis.
Background and Objective Quantifying exposure to drugs for personalized dose adjustment is of critical importance in patients with tuberculosis who may be at risk of treatment failure or toxicity due to individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Traditionally, serum or plasma samples have been used for drug monitoring, which only poses collection and logistical challenges in high-tuberculosis burden/low-resourced areas. Less invasive and lower cost tests using alternative biomatrices other than serum or plasma may improve the feasibility of therapeutic drug monitoring. Methods A systematic review was conducted to include studies reporting anti-tuberculosis drug concentration measurements in dried blood spots, urine, saliva, and hair. Reports were screened to include study design, population, analytical methods, relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, and risk of bias. Results A total of 75 reports encompassing all four biomatrices were included. Dried blood spots reduced the sample volume requirement and cut shipping costs whereas simpler laboratory methods to test the presence of drug in urine can allow point-of-care testing in high-burden settings. Minimal pre-processing requirements with saliva samples may further increase acceptability for laboratory staff. Multi-analyte panels have been tested in hair with the capacity to test a wide range of drugs and some of their metabolites. Conclusions Reported data were mostly from small-scale studies and alternative biomatrices need to be qualified in large and diverse populations for the demonstration of feasibility in operational settings. High-quality interventional studies will improve the uptake of alternative biomatrices in guidelines and accelerate implementation in programmatic tuberculosis treatment.
Two-way coupling between pH-responsive phase separation of enzyme-polymer mixtures and reaction-induced pH changes creates negative feedback in these active coacervates.
Right from the beginning of creation, the things that man has created to fulfill his needs are his culture - both in tangible form and intangible form. E.g. Housing, clothing practices, thoughts, attitudes, faith, religion, art, etc. With the change of age, today man has entered the technology era but human valuelessness has increased. Humans became restless and criminals. According to the Gita, there was an increase in fortifications. In the country of Mahavira, Buddha and Gandhi, one of the many avenues to come out of this ignorance and darkness - worship and praise, to develop virtues by walking on the path of righteousness. For the development of cultured life in Jain culture and religion, the worship of the divine, the divine, has been said to be the utmost necessity of today's human. In the Chitra Shali, Mandal Vidhan has been formulated to fulfill many objectives in Jain culture. This research paper is based on these circles. सृष्टी के आरम्भ से ही मनुष्य ने अपनी आवष्यकतओं को पूर्ण करने जिन वस्तुओं का निर्माण किया वह उसकी संस्कृति है - मूर्त रूप और अमूर्त रूप दोनों में। उदा. आवास, वस्त्र व्यवहार, विचार, मनोवृतियाँ, विष्वास, धर्म, कला इत्यादि। काल परिवर्तन के साथ आज मनुष्य प्रौद्योगिकी युग में तो आ गया परंतु मानव मूल्य विहीनता में वृद्धि होती गई। मनुष्य अषांत और अपराधी हो गये। गीता के अनुसार दुर्गुणों में वृद्धि होती गई। महावीर, बुद्ध, गांधी के देष में इस अज्ञान और अंधकार से बाहर आने के अनेक मार्गों में एक है - पूजा-स्तुति, धर्माचरण के मार्ग पर चलकर सदगुणों का विकास करना। जैन संस्कृति और धर्म में सुसंस्कृत जीवन के विकास के लिये परमात्मा, परमेष्ठी की उपासना को आज के मानव की अति आवष्यकता बताई गई है। चित्र षैली में जैन संस्कृति में अनेक उद्देष्यों को पूर्ण करने मण्डल विधान की रचना की गई है। यह षोध पत्र इन्हीं मण्डल पर आधारित है।
Membraneless organelles within the living cell use phase separation of biomolecules coupled with enzymatic reactions to regulate cellular processes. The diverse functions of these biomolecular condensates motivate the pursuit of simpler in vitro models that exhibit primitive forms of self-regulation based on internal feedback mechanisms. Here, we investigate one such model based on complex coacervation of the enzyme catalase with an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte DEAE-dextran to form pH-responsive catalytic droplets. Upon addition of hydrogen peroxide “fuel”, enzyme activity localized within the droplets causes a rapid increase in the pH. Under appropriate conditions, this reaction-induced pH change triggers coacervate dissolution owing to its pH-responsive phase behavior. Notably, this destabilizing effect of the enzymatic reaction on phase separation depends on droplet size owing to the diffusive delivery and removal of reaction components. Reaction-diffusion models informed by the experimental data show that larger drops support larger changes in the local pH thereby enhancing their dissolution relative to smaller droplets. Together, these results provide a basis for achieving droplet size control based on negative feedback between pH-dependent phase separation and pH-changing enzymatic reactions.
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