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Although there has been considerable achievement in the field of breast cancer therapeutics, tackling the disturbing issue of highly potent triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) still remains a hurdle in cancer therapeutics. Here, for the first time we propose a poly­(ethylenimine) (PEI)-mediated approach for the synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) tagged cerium oxide nanoparticles (CePEI-NPs) as a therapeutic agent in TNBC. Primarily, the formulated HA-CePEI-NPs upon treatment displayed superior anticancer effect by exhibiting the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). These particles acted as a nano reactor by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the treatment. We further evaluated the caspase activity which divulgated the activation of caspases-3 and -9 while there was a decrease in the level of Bcl-2. The treatment also resulted in the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), and in addition, features such as pynknosis and G2/M phase arrest were also noted. Hence the nano reactor property of nano ceria in activating mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptosis highlights its promising role as a nano drug for therapeutic applications in TNBC.

A group of disorders known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. CVDs are the leading global cause of death; however, the absence of a successful metabolomic strategy has impeded the advancement of CVD research. Because of this great challenge, bimetallic metal−organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed for metabolic finger printings (MFs) in the study of molecular changes in CVD and coronary artery disease (CAD). A simple method for the design of various bimetallic MOF-NPs based on Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) and bimetallic structure is reported. The serum MF was determined by examining 500 nL of natural serum in a few of seconds using the best bimetallic MOFs candidate (containing both Zn and Cu) integrated with assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS). Through the disclosed technology and a serum-based organization model, CVD patients could be differentiated from controls and CAD that have a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 93%. Furthermore, a portion of serum metabolic profiles with consistent changes can be used to track the progression of CVD, CAD, and controls. This study presents a state-of-the-art molecular approach for the metabolomic characterization of CVD and CAD that could one day be utilized to mimic clinical decisions in personalized therapy for cardiovascular disorders.

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