Purpose: Fifteen years ago, a European survey demonstrated widespread adoption of early clinical exposure (ECE) programmes but little emphasis in the curricula of medical schools. We now repeat the survey in light of the ample emerging data suggesting multiple positive outcomes of ECE. Methods: Online cross-sectional survey in European medical schools conducted by the EURACT Basic Medical Education Committee in 2021. Descriptive quantitative analyses and a thematic analysis approach were used. Results: Eighy-nine (48%) medical schools in 30 European countries responded. ECE was used in 65 (73%) of the medical schools, and 88% of ECE programmes took place in primary care. The median total time spent on the ECE programme was 5 days. Teaching methods covered unstructured learning opportunities such as observation or shadowing doctors, as well as work-based learning whilst seeing real patients or reflecting on own encounters. Learning goals included knowledge, skills, and attitudes. More than half of the respondents expressed barriers to implementing or expanding ECE. Conclusions: Compared to the previous survey, there was no significant change in the adoption or curricular emphasis of ECE programmes. Institutional attitudes towards certain disciplines and a lack of willingness to experiment with new teaching methods may be partially responsible.
The first majorly destructive pandemic of the twenty-first century broke out due to the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 worldwide. Remote management was put in place to efficiently assess the patients to prevent unnecessary hospitalization and educate the infected on the red flags. This study is a retrospective case control study that will contain a retrospective include analysis of medical records of 13,174 pediatric and adult patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease and were undergoing remote management at REDMED online clinic in the period of July, 2021 and March, 2022. The retrieved data will be analyzed in specific detail and the hospitalization rate will be compared with country-wide results. The analysis helped us conclude, that there is a statistically significant difference between the country-wide hospitalization rate (16.8% by December 31, 2021 and 15.1% by July, 2022) and hospitalization rate (total mean value—1.8%) recorded at REDMED (×2 = 2123.488, df = 1, p < 0.0001 and ×2 = 1824.761, df = 1, p < 0.0001). This type of discrepancy requires further investigation. However, we have a reason to believe that direct communication with your doctor through an application might be the reason for being compliant and trusting the service provider. Well-managed and organized telemedicine is an efficient tool to manage Coronavirus or other Infectious Diseases remotely, especially when direct patient-to-doctor audiovisual communication is enabled..
In the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), maintenance of inflammation and the loss of immune tolerance is essential. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a regulatory cytokine with pleiotropic function. TGF-β inhibits differentiation of T helper (Th1, Th2) cells and promotes the development of peripheral Tregs. The aim of our study was to explore the plasma levels of TGF-β and to perform its correlative analyses with peripheral blood biomarkers of systemic inflammation (NLR, PLR, PMR, SII, dNLR) in patients with ITP who did not respond to the first line treatment and had splenectomy as a second line therapy. The concentrations of TGF-β in plasma was quantified using ELISA kits by eBioscience. Statistical analyses was performed using Graph Pad Prism -Mann Whitney U test; for the correlation analyses we used spearman rank correlation by SPSS program. Our study revealed that the level of TGF-β in patients with refractory ITP is significantly diminished compared to the healthy subjects or patients undergoing splenectomy for other reasons than autoimmune or malignant hematological pathologies. There was no correlation observed between the plasma concentrations of TGF-β and the peripheral blood biomarkers of systemic inflammation.
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