This experiment studied textile (surface texture (ST), thickness) and non-textile (local skin temperature (T sk ) changes, stickiness sensation and fabric-to-skin pressure) factors affecting skin wetness perception (WP) under dynamic interactions. Changes in fabric texture sensation between WET and DRY state and their effect on pleasantness were also studied. ST of eight fabric samples, selected for different structures, was determined from surface roughness measurements using the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES). Sixteen participants assessed fabric WP, at high pressure (HIGH-P) and low pressure (LOW-P) conditions, stickiness, texture and pleasantness sensation on the ventral forearm. Differences in WP (p < 0.05) were not determined by texture properties and/or texture sensation. Stickiness sensation and local T sk drop were determined as predictors of WP (r 2 = 0.89), and although thickness did not correlate with WP directly when combined with stickiness sensation it provided a similar predictive power (r 2 = 0.86). Greater (p < 0.05) WP responses in HI-P were observed compared with LOW-P. Texture sensation affected pleasantness in DRY (r 2 = 0.89) and WET (r 2 = 0.93). In WET, pleasantness was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to DRY, likely due to the concomitant increase in texture sensation (p < 0.05). In summary, under dynamic conditions, changes in stickiness sensation and WP could not be attributed to fabric texture properties (i.e. surface roughness) measured by the Kawabata Evaluation System. In dynamic conditions thickness or skin temperature drop can predict fabric WP only when including stickiness sensation data. Key wordsWetness perception, fabric motion, stickiness, surface roughness, fabric texture, Kawabata, pleasantnessRaccuglia, M; Pistak, K.; Heyde, C.; Qu, J.; Mao, N.; Hodder, S.G.; Havenith, G.

In relation to the engineering of compression resistant thermal insulation materials, an unconventional application of hydroentangling technology is introduced in which, lightweight, wool webs are mechanically attached to one side of preformed knitted spacer fabrics to partially occlude the underlying apertures. In contrast to conventional homogeneous fabrics, the resulting hydroentangled wool fiber web-spacer fabric constructs have markedly reduced thermal conductivity while there is little change in the overall fabric density; this is attributed to increased air entrapment within the cross-section of the spacer fabric due to the occlusion of the large apertures in the surface. Basic underlying theoretical principles are reviewed in relation to heat transfer in fibrous materials.

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Purpose Methodology of co-product handling is a critical determinant of calculated resource use and environmental emissions per kilogram (kg) product but has not been examined in detail for different sheep production systems. This paper investigates alternative approaches for handling coproduction of wool and live weight (LW, for meat) from dual purpose sheep systems to the farm-gate. Methods Seven methods were applied; three biophysical allocation (BA) methods based on protein requirements and partitioning of digested protein, protein mass allocation (PMA), economic allocation (EA) and two system expansion (SE) methods. Effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil energy demand and land occupation (classified according to suitability for arable use) were assessed using four contrasting case study (CS) farm systems. A UK upland farm (CS 1) and a New Zealand hill farm (CS 2) were selected to represent systems focused on lamb and coarse-textured wool for interior textiles. Two Australian Merino sheep farms (CS 3, CS 4) were selected to represent systems focused on medium to superfine garment wool, and lamb.Results and discussion Total GHG emissions per kilogram total products (i.e. wool+LW) were similar across CS farms. However, results were highly sensitive to the method of coproduct handling. GHG emissions based on BA of wool protein to wool resulted in 10-12 kg CO 2 -e/kg wool (across all CS farms), whereas it increased to 24-38 kg CO 2 -e/kg wool when BA included a proportion of sheep maintenance requirements. Results for allocation% generated using EA varied widely from 4 % (CS 1) to 52 % (CS 4). SE using beef as a substitution for sheep meat gave the lowest, and often negative, GHG emissions from wool production. Different methods were found to re-order the impacts across the four case studies in some instances. A similar overall pattern was observed for the effects of co-product handling method on other impact categories for three of the four farms. Conclusions BA based on protein partitioning between sheep wool and LW is recommended for attributional studies with the PMA method being an easily applied proxy for the more detailed BA methods. Sensitivity analysis using SE is recommended to understand the implications of system change. Sensitivity analysis using SE is recommended to investigate implications of choosing alternative products or systems, and to evaluate system change strategies in which case consequential modelling is appropriate. To avoid risks of burden shifting when allocation methods are applied, results should be presented for both wool and LW.

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Abstract:The surfaces of wool fibers are modified with N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by treating the fibers with tetrabutyl titanate and ammonium chloride under low temperature hydrothermal conditions to obtain wool fibers with photocatalytic functions in the visible light spectrum. The effects of nitrogen and sulfur in amino acids in keratin on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 particle coated wool fibers are investigated. Changes of various fiber properties such as tensile strength, surface friction, photocatalytic activity, and self-cleaning performance of untreated, TiO2-coated and N-doped TiO2-coated wool fibers are studied. It is found that N-doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with an average grain size of 11.2 nm are synthesized and simultaneously grafted onto the wool fibers. After treatments, the crystallization index of the wool fibers is slightly reduced. The capability to protect against ultraviolet radiation is much enhanced. The performances of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye and self-cleaning of red wine under both UV and visible light irradiation are endowed. It is also found that wool fibers coated with TiO2 particles without being doped by nitrogen still have apparent photocatalytic reactions and self-cleaning effects under visible light irradiation due to the formation of C-Ti 3+ , O-Ti 3+ , and N-Ti 3+ bonds between TiO2 and wool keratin on the wool fiber surfaces. Thus wool fabrics might not need to be coated with N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles to realize its self-cleaning effect under visible light. Such important conclusions would provide wool materials with wide applications in clothing and 3 technical products such as wastewater treatment.