Constructing antifouling coatings for biosensing interfaces is a major hurdle in driving their practical application. Inspired by the excellent antifouling properties of natural cell membranes, a conductive biomimetic antifouling interface coating is proposed, which highly mimics the excellent antifouling properties of biofilms while overcoming the low conductivity defects of conventional coatings. Polyethylene glycol–Au gel is selected as the support structure and electron transfer layer, on which phospholipids and ampholytes are applied to construct a hydration layer for antifouling. The coating maintains promisingly low adsorption in biological matrices such as whole blood, serum, and urine, and has been utilized to construct multimodal clinical assay systems that provide favorable concordance with clinical results. Thus, this conductive bio‐coating breaks the last barrier of biosensors toward practical applications and possesses extremely significant application value.
Objective: Our aim was to explore the diagnostic value of serum soluble cluster of differentiation 93 (sCD93) for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in chinese patients.Methods: 130 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 30 healthy individuals were enrolled. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the serum sCD93 concentration. And renal function and blood lipid-related index in serum or urine were detected using the routine assays. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was exployed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of integrated indicators.Results: The eGFR, ACR (P < 0.05) and the prevalence of DN (P < 0.05) were significantly different between the H-sCD93 group and the L-sCD93 group. The serum sCD93 concentration was correlated with the ACR (r = 0.191, P = 0.029) and eGFR (r = -0.509, P = 0.000). In all albuminuria subgroups, the serum sCD93 concentration increased with the increase in the ACR (P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons between subgroups indicated that the serum sCD93 concentrations from the N-ACR and M-ACR groups were lower than that in the L-ACR group (P < 0.05), however there was no significant difference between the N-ACR and M-ACR groups (P > 0.05). The levels of serum sCD93, NGAL and Cr in DN group were significantly higher than those in DM group (P<0.05). On the basis of the ROC curve, the best AUC area value was 0.942 from sCD93+NGAL+Cr triple test. Conclusion: sCD93 was a independent predictor for DN in chinese patients, and integration analysis of sCD93, NGAL and Cr has better diagnostic efficacy.
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