Bacteriophages isolated from free-range chickens were tested as a therapeutic agent for reducing the concentration of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (S. Enteritidis PT4) in caeca of broilers. One-day-old broilers infected with S. Enteritidis PT4 by a seeder bird method were orally treated on the seventh day of age with a mixture of 10(11) plaque-forming units of each of three bacteriophages. Five days after treatment the bacteriophage-treated group showed a reduction of 3.5 orders of magnitude on colony-forming units of S. Enteritidis PT4 per gram of caecal content. Samples collected at 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after treatment revealed that treated birds still had lower colony-forming units of S. Enteritidis PT4 per gram of caecal content. These data gave us compelling evidence that a mixture of bacteriophages may be efficacious in reducing S. Enteritidis PT4 concentration in broilers' caeca and therefore reducing contamination of poultry products by this food-borne pathogen.
Optical coherence tomography is an imaging technology that produces high-resolution cross-sectional images of turbid media and internal microstructures including inside living tissue. In this work, three-dimensional images of a dental microstructure, that can be used to make both qualitative and quantitative assessments of oral tissue health, were obtained. It was possible to detect subclinical caries in third molar human teeth, showing that the lesion is located below the surface at 10μm with a maximum depth lesion of 50μm. A three-dimensional image was constructed confirming that it is possible to observe different planes inside the sample. It is important to notice that the optical changes induced by the carious disease in dental tissue can be readily detected by the optical coherence tomography method, before structural changes become apparent.
Evaluation of molar dental restorations on enamel is performed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with 10 microm resolution. Images of approximately 50 microm failure gaps in the restorations are demonstrated and the OCT images are compared with x-ray and optical microscopy pictures. The results demonstrate the potential of the technique for clinical evaluation of dental restorations.
We report the production of color centers in LiF single crystals by ultrashort high intensity laser pulses (60fs, 10 GW). An intensity threshold for color centers creation of 2 TW/cm(2) was determined, which is slightly smaller than the continuum generation threshold. We could identify a large amount of F centers that gave rise to aggregates such as F(2), F(2) (+) and F(3) (+). The proposed mechanism of formation is based on multiphoton excitation that also produce short lived F(2) (+) centers. It is also shown that it is possible to write tracks in the LiF crystals with dimensional control.
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