Electric-field-induced resistive switching in metal-oxide interfaces has attracted extensive recent interest. While many agree that lattice defects play a key role, details of the physical processes are far from clear. There is debate, for example, regarding whether the electromigration of pre-existing point defects or the field-created larger lattice defects dominates the switch. We investigate several Ag-Pr 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 samples exhibiting either submicrosecond fast switching or slow quasistatic dc switching. It is found that the carrier trapping potentials are very different for the pre-existing point defects associated with doping ͑and/or electromigration͒ and for the defects responsible for the submicrosecond fast switching. Creation/removal of the defects with more severe lattice distortions and spatial spreading ͑trapping potential Ն0.35 eV͒, therefore, should be the dominating mechanism during submicrosecond switching. On the other hand, the shallow defects ͑trapping potential Ӷ0.2 eV͒ associated with doping/annealing are most likely responsible for the resistance hysteresis ͑slow switch͒ during quasistatic voltage sweep.

Sentinel node (SN) biopsy is widely applied for treatment planning of cutaneous melanoma. However, using this strategy in female lower genital tract tumors has not yet been established. We report two cases, one each of vulvar and vaginal melanoma who underwent SN biopsy and review the available literature. Our experience and available limited evidence suggests that this low morbidity technique can be used for obtaining prognostic information and hence treatment planning for this disease. However, a false negative rate perhaps in the order of 15% suggests that careful consideration is necessary before using sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of vulvar and vaginal melanoma.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy

HC and CHL can be used as simple tools for predicting GA in babies when this is in doubt. This can help in identification of high-risk newborns at primary care level without recourse to imaging modalities.

Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis do not have significantly lower values of anthropometric parameters compared to controls. Significant restriction in height and weight is seen in systemic onset disease, and growth velocity is significantly reduced in rheumatoid factor positive subjects.

Background:Most commonly practiced surgical “lay open” technique to treat fistula-in-ano (a common anorectal pathology) has high rate of recurrence and anal incontinence. Alternatively, a nonsurgical cost efficient treatment with Ksharasutra (cotton Seton coated with Ayurvedic medicines) has minimal complications. In our study, we have tried to compare these two techniques.Materials and Methods:A prospective randomized control study was designed involving patients referred to the Department of General Surgery in RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, India, from January 2010 to September 2011.Results:Among 50 patients, 26 were in Ksharasutra and 24 were in fistulotomy group. 86% patients were male and 54% of the patients were in the fourth decade. About 74% fistulas are inter-sphincteric and 26% were of trans-sphincteric variety. Severe postoperative pain was more (7.7% vs. 25%) in fistulotomy group, while wound discharge was more associated with Ksharasutra group (15.3% vs. 8.3%). Wound scarring, bleeding, and infection rate were similar in both groups. Ksharasutra group took more time to heal (mean: 53 vs. 35.7 days, P = 0.002) despite reduced disruption to their routine work (2.7 vs. 15.5 days work off, P <0.001). Interestingly, pain experienced was less in Ksharasutra group, there was no open wound in contrast to fistulotomy and it was significantly cost effective (Rupees 166 vs. 464).Conclusion:Treatment of fistula-in-ano with Ksharasutra is a simple with low complications and minimal cost.

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