Animal toxins are made of types of peptides and proteins well-tuned during millions of years of evolution (Escoubas and King, 2009). These venoms target various enzymes, receptors, and ion channels with great potency and sometimes good selectivity, hence, it is led to more attention to more research their physiological and pharmacological attributes (Escoubas and King, 2009). These venoms are made by poisonous animals from both marine animals and terrestrial animals, are injected into the body of victim for defense or hunt by animal wounding apparatus (Harvey, 2014). For thousand years in many parts of the world, some poisonous animals have been applied to remedy illnesses (Harvey, 2014). It has been
Involvement of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in the modulation of formalin-induced nociception is well documented. In this study, we investigated the role of orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 (OX2) receptors within the VTA in modulation of the LH-induced antinociception during both phases of orofacial formalin test. Male adult Wistar rats weighing 230–250 g were unilaterally implanted with two stainless steel guide cannulae in the VTA and LH. In two separate supergroups, animals received SB334867 (OX1 receptor antagonist) or TCS OX2 29 (OX2 receptor antagonist), at the doses of 3, 10, and 30 nM/rat into the VTA before intra-LH microinjection of carbachol (250 nM/rat) as a nonselective cholinergic receptor agonist for chemical stimulation of orexinergic neurons in this region. Rats were subcutaneously injected with 1% formalin (50 µl; s) into the orofacial region, 5 min after intra-LH microinjection of carbachol or saline. The blockade of both orexin receptors in the VTA reduced intra-LH carbachol-induced antinociception. However, this effect was greater during the late phases of the orofacial formalin test. The blockade of the OX1 but not OX2 receptors in the VTA affect the pain-related behaviors during the early phase, and also, the contribution of OX2 receptor to modulate the LH-induced antinociceptive responses was greater than OX1 receptor during the late phase of orofacial formalin test. The results indicated the neural pathway projected from the LH to the VTA contributes to the modulation of formalin-induced orofacial pain. Orexinergic drugs might be considered as therapeutic agents for inflammatory pain treatment.
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