Abstract-Following a converter outage in an MTDC grid, it is critical that the healthy converter stations share the power mismatch/burden in a desirable way. A fixed value of powervoltage droop in the DC link voltage control loops can ensure proper distribution according to the converter ratings. Here a scheme for adapting the droop coefficients to share the burden according to the available headroom of each converter station is proposed. Advantage of this adaptive (variable) droop scheme for autonomous power sharing is established through transient simulations on an MTDC grid with four bipolar converters and DC cable network with metallic return. Results for both rectifier and inverter outages under two different scenarios are presented. Post contingency steady-state operating points obtained from transient simulation are shown to be consistent with those derived analytically. Impact of varying droop coefficients on the stability of the MTDC grid is established. An averaged model in Matlab/SIMULINK which has been validated against detailed switched model in EMTDC/PSCAD is used for the stability and modal analysis.

Abstract-Control of the converter stations in a multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grid to provide frequency support for the surrounding AC systems is the subject matter of this paper. The standard autonomous power sharing control loop for each converter is modified with a frequency droop control loop. The objective is to minimize the deviation from nominal AC system frequency and share the burden of frequency support among the converter stations of the MTDC grid. The effectiveness of the frequency support is demonstrated through nonlinear simulation of a test system consisting of three isolated AC systems interconnected through an MTDC grid with four converter stations. An averaged model of the MTDC grids is developed to carry out modal analysis of combined multi-machine AC-MTDC systems. Modal analysis is used to characterize and substantiate the time domain behavior in presence of frequency droop control. It is established that appropriate droop control loop for the MTDC grid converters could be effective in reducing the deviation from nominal AC system frequency provided the sensitivity of the system eigen-values to changes in control parameters (e.g. droop coefficients) is accounted for apriori through modal analysis.

Abstract-The use of 'Electric Springs' is a novel way of distributed voltage control while simultaneously achieving effective demand-side management through modulation of noncritical loads in response to the fluctuations in intermittent renewable energy sources (e.g. wind). The proof-of-concept has been successfully demonstrated on a simple 10 kVA test system hardware. However, to show the effectiveness of such electric springs when installed in large numbers across the power system, there is a need to develop simple and yet accurate simulation models for these electric springs which can be incorporated in large-scale power system simulation studies. This paper describes the dynamic simulation approach for electric springs which is appropriate for voltage and frequency control studies at the power system level. The proposed model is validated by comparing the simulation results against the experimental results. Close similarity between the simulation and experimental results gave us the confidence to use this electric spring model for investigating the effectiveness of their collective operation when distributed in large number across a power system. Effectiveness of an electric spring under unity and non-unity load power factors and different proportions of critical and non-critical loads is also demonstrated.Index Terms-Demand side management, reactive power control, electric springs

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Interaction between multimachine ac systems and a multiterminal dc (MTDC) grid and the impact on the overall stability of the combined ac-MTDC system is studied in this paper. A generic modeling framework for voltage-source converter (VSC)-based MTDC grids, which is compatible with standard multimachine ac system models, is developed to carry out modal analysis and transient simulation. A general asymmetric bipole converter configuration comprising positive and negative pole converters and dc cable network with a positive, negative, and metallic return circuit is considered to enable different types of faults and dc-side unbalance studies. Detailed dynamic representation of the dc cables with distributed pi-section models is used along with the averaged model and decoupled control for the converter stations. An averaged model in Matlab/SIMULINK is validated against the detailed switched model in EMTDC/PSCAD by comparing the responses following small and large disturbances (e.g., faults on the dc side). Modal analysis is performed to identify the nature and root cause of the dynamic responses. Interaction between a multimachine ac system and an MTDC grid is examined following faults on the ac and dc sides and outage of converters. It is shown that the cause of instability in certain cases could only be attributed to the dc-side state variables. An averaged model of the converter along with the dc cable network is shown to be essential to analyze the stability and dynamics of combined ac-MTDC grids.

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Abstract-This paper describes the droop control method for parallel operation of distributed electric springs for stabilizing ac power grid. It provides a methodology that has the potential of allowing reactive power controllers to work in different locations of the distribution lines of an ac power supply and for these reactive power controllers to support and stabilize the ac mains voltage levels at their respective locations on the distribution lines. The control scheme allows these reactive power controllers to have automatically adjustable voltage references according to the mains voltage levels at the locations of the distribution network. The control method can be applied to reactive power controllers embedded in smart electric loads distributed across the power grid for stabilizing and supporting the ac power supply along the distribution network. The proposed distributed deployment of electric springs is envisaged to become an emerging technology potentially useful for stabilizing power grids with substantial penetration of distributed and intermittent renewable power sources or weakly regulated ac power grid.

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