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Pathological disorders may happen due to small changes in retinal blood vessels which may later turn into blindness. Hence, the accurate segmentation of blood vessels is becoming a challenging task for pathological analysis. This paper offers an unsupervised recursive method for extraction of blood vessels from ophthalmoscope images. First, a vessel-enhanced image is generated with the help of gamma correction and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). Next, the vessels are extracted iteratively by applying an adaptive thresholding technique. At last, a final vessel segmented image is produced by applying a morphological cleaning operation. Evaluations are accompanied on the publicly available digital retinal images for vessel extraction (DRIVE) and Child Heart And Health Study in England (CHASE_DB1) databases using nine different measurements. The proposed method achieves average accuracies of 0.957 and 0.952 on DRIVE and CHASE_DB1 databases respectively.

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Eye detection is a pre-requisite stage for many applications such as human-computer interfaces, iris recognition, driver drowsiness detection, security, and biology systems. In this paper, template based eye detection is described. The template is correlated with different regions of the face image. The region of face which gives maximum correlation with template refers to eye region. The method is simple and easy to implement. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated in both the cases like open eye as well as closed eye through various simulation results.

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Automatic detection of the blood vessels in retinal images is a challenging task. In this paper a survey has been made to help biomedical engineers and medical physicists. Here we have taken three different methods for blood vessels segmentation, method (a) a novel method to segment the retinal blood vessel is used, which overcome the variations in contrast in large and thin blood vessels. Method (b) a method uses 2-D Gabor wavelet to enhance the vascular pattern and method(c) a method used is Star Networked PixelTracking Algorithm which is used to eradicate a noise aligned in a vessel format. These methods to segment the blood vessels so that we can easily diagnose and do treatment of several eye disorders.