In order to stabilize the C-terminal dodecapeptide of neuropeptide Y (NPY) we replaced Leu 2s and Thr 32 by Lys and Glu, respectively, and subsequently linked these residues by lactamization. This peptide analog of NPY shows a more than 100-fold increase in affinity compared to the C-terminal linear dodecapeptide in receptor binding studies performed at human neuroblastoma cells SMS-KAN, which exclusively express the Y2 receptor subtype.2+ Signal transduction was investigated" by measuring Ca current inhibition in human SH-SY5Y cells and cyclic [Lys2S-Glu3Z] NPY Ac-25-36 and NPY were shown to be equipotent in this assay. Thus, this molecule is the smallest Y2 receptor selective full agonist of NPY. Using 2D-NMR experiments and molecular modelling techniques, the structures of the linear and cyclic peptides have been investigated and significant differences have been found, which may explain the improvement in biological activity. Thus, a model of the bioactive conformation of NPY at the human Yz receptor is suggested.

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Porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid hormone of the pancreatic polypeptide family, and subtype selective analogues have been synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis. The peptides were labelled with Cy3, a commercially available fluorescent marker based on a cyanine dye, by solid phase strategy. During the cleavage a partial fragmentation of the fluorescent marker occurred. This has been investigated by means of HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry. The labelled analogues of NPY showed high affinity to the NPY receptor subtypes Y1 and Y2. Thus, Cy3-NPY, Y1-selective Cy3-[Pro34] NPY and Y2 selective Cy3-[Ahx5-24] NPY were used to label SK-N-MC- and SMS-KAN-cells, which are stably expressing the Y1-(SK-N-MC) and the Y2-receptor subtype (SMS-KAN). The binding of the labelled analogues to the receptors was reversible and specific. The photoactivatable analogue, [(Tmd)Phe27] NPY, which showed high affinity to both receptor subtypes was labelled with Cy3 in solution. Whereas the fluorescent labelling of the cells with analogues without photoactivatable amino acid was reversible, successful photocrosslinking could be investigated by the irreversible staining of the cells using Cy3-[(Tmd)Phe27] NPY. These subtype selective analogues are exciting tools to trace receptors in tissues and to identify the pharmacologically characterized subtypes without radioactivity.

Several attempts to investigate the bioactive conformation of neuropeptide Y have been made so far. As cyclic peptides are much more rigid than linear ones, we decided to synthesise cyclic analogues of the C-terminal dodekapeptide amide neuropeptide Y Ac-25-36. Cyclisation was performed by side chain lactamisation of ornithine or lysine and glutamic or aspartic acid. The affinity of the 19 peptides ranged from K, 0.6 nM to greater than 10000 nM. We found that the size, position, orientation, configuration, and the location of the cycle plays an important role for receptor recognition. Circular dichroic studies have been performed to characterise the secondary structure of each peptide. Receptor binding studies were carried out on human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-MC (Yl) and SMS-KAN (Y,), and on rabbit kidney membranes (Y2).The pharmacological and spectral data showed that the a-helix content was not the predominant factor for high Y,-receptor affinity. Instead, the location and the size of the hydrophobic lactam bridge, and the conserved C-terminal tetrapeptide (Arg-Glu-Arg-Tyr) seemed to be the main parameters.Using molecular dynamics, the structures of four cyclic peptides (i,i+4) have been investigated and compared with the previously published NMR structure of one of the cyclic peptide analogues. Significant differences have been found in the overall three-dimensional fold of the peptides. The distances between the N-and the C-terminus allow discrimination between peptides with high binding affinity and those with low binding affinity, because of the correlation that was found with the measured affinity. Thus, this study suggests that a turn-like structure and the orientation of the C-terminus towards the N-terminus play major roles for high affinity binding of cyclic dodecapeptides to the Y,-receptor.None of the cyclic segments exhibits significant affinity to the Y,-receptor. Thus, these results support the hypothesis of a discontinuous binding site of neuropeptide Y at the Y ,-receptor. Gerald et al., 1995;Gehlert et al., 1996a), Y n P , - (Bard et al., 1995;Lundell et al., 1995), Y,- (Gerald et al., 1996), and Y,- (Weinberg et al., 1996) receptors have been cloned recently and it was shown that they Dedication. Dedicated to Prof. Dieter Seebach o n the occasion of his 60th birthday.Note. The designation of peptide analogues used in this study is summarised in Table 1. ETH Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland all belong to the G-protein-coupled hormone family (BeckSickinger, 1996). Whereas NPY shows high affinity to Yl-, Yz-, Ys-, and Y,-receptors, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been found to be the endogenous ligand of the Y,-receptor, which is also called the PP,-receptor (Gehlert et al., 1996b).The Y,-receptor subtype is particularly found in the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, Y ,-receptors have been identified in coronary vessels (guinea pigs, rats) and veins (guinea pigs). All available evidence suggests that the peripheral bloodpressure-elevating effects of NPY are m...

Five neuropeptide Y receptors, the Y1-, Y2-, Y4-, Y5- and y6-subtypes, have been cloned, which belong to the rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled, 7-transmembrane helix-spanning receptors and bind the 36-mer neuromodulator NPY (neuropeptide Y) with nanomolar affinity. In this study, the Y2-receptor subtype expressed in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SMS-KAN) and in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-hY2) was characterized on the protein level by using photoaffinity labeling and antireceptor antibodies. Two photoactivatable analogues of NPY were synthesized, in which a Tyr residue was substituted by the photoreactive amino acid 4-(3-trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-ylphenylalanine ((Tmd)Phe), [Nalpha-biotinyl-Ahx2,(Tmd)Phe36]NPY (Tmd36), and the Y2-receptor subtype selective [Nalpha-biotinyl-Ahx2,Ahx5-24,(Tmd)Phe27]N PY (Tmd27). Both analogues were labeled with [3H]succinimidyl-propionate at Lys4 and bind to the Y2-receptor with affinity similar to that of the native ligand. A synthetic fragment of the second (E2) extracellular loop was used to generate subtype selective antireceptor antibodies against the Y2-receptor. Photoaffinity labeling of the receptor followed by SDS-PAGE and detection of bound radioactivity and SDS-PAGE of solubilized receptors and subsequent Western blotting revealed the same molecular masses. Two proteins correspondingly have been detected for each cell line with molecular masses of 58 +/- 4 and 50 +/- 4 kDa, respectively.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) consists of 36 amino acids and is one of the most abundant peptides in the peripheral and central nervous system. Several subtype•s of NPY receptors have been described (Y1• Y6) using segments and analogues of NPY. The Y 1-, Y2- and the Y5-receptor, which have been cloned, belong to the G-protein coupled hormone receptor family and will be specially addressed, because they are the endogenous binding sites of neuropeptide Y in human. In contrast, Y4-receptors recognize endogenous PP, Y3"receptors are discussed controversially and the y6-receptor is truncated in human. In this review, we summarize the data of neuropeptide Y with respect to ligand binding, selectivity, receptor structures and ligand- receptor complexes by using ligand analogues, site directed mutagenesis and photoaffinity labeling.

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