An historical background of university and technical high school education in acoustics in Russia is considered. Basic features of Soviet concepts of training in acoustics are discussed. Main advantages are deep and broad training in basic and applied disciplines, a system of the ‘‘base’’ research centers for early research activity of students under leadership of active scientists, and reporting by students of their results in science and technology at conferences and seminars. These advantages had been very positive for the Soviet planned economy. The main drawbacks are redundancy and rigidity of this education system. Transition to free market society forced the modification of basic concepts of education in acoustics: to introduce flexible education similar to European and American ones, to train students in new areas of acoustics intended to enhance the quality of life (ecology, medicine), to provide optional training in acoustics (common or individual), to meet requirements of private enterprises to education of selected students. A new approach to training of foreign students is developed: transition from special high schools for foreigners to joint education of foreigners with Russian citizens in many state educational centers. The role of the Russian Acoustical Society in exchange of education methodology between training centers in Russia is presented.
A mechanism of click production has been studied. Three steps were considered: experiments with Tursiops truncatus, calculations to determine the source position, and physical and mathematical models for simulation of a physical mechanism of click production. It was found that the acoustic source is situated in close proximity of the right nasal plug. A physical model of a nasal passage was composed of a rubber tube open on one end and connected to a pressurized gas container on the other. A rubber ring was put on the underwater part of the tube, which blocked the air passage at small access pressure. By varying this pressure of the elastic properties of the tube and the ring, one can put the model in a self-oscillation mode of vibrations. The displacement curve (DC) of the ring has a triangle shape and duration of about 700 mks. There were three noticeable acoustic pressure clicks with duration of 50–80 mks, phase-locked to pronounced changes in the DC. A mathematical model was developed to explain the origin of clicks and their locking to the bends of DC. The characteristics of clicks formed by the models are similar to the clicks of the dolphin.
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L. Brekhovskikh was one of the main founders and a first Director of the Acoustics Institute (AI) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1954). He contributed a lot in the selection of young gifted scientists and engineers as AI staff, formation of the main branches of research in AI, construction of new buildings and experimental setups, and promoted a new approach to design and construction of the research vessels Sergei Vavilov and Petr Lebedev. The active creative work of L. Brekhovskikh in AI (1963–1980) became even more intensive after he left the director’s position. It relates to new theoretical achievements, fruitful and numerous experiments in the ocean, organizing the famous Zvenigorod conferences on ocean acoustics, and publishing the fundamental treatise ‘‘Acoustics of the Ocean.’’ Brekhovskikh possesses the personal features that facilitate his achievements in science. He is a very gifted, amicable, benevolent, reserved, purposeful, concentrated, and rational person. Sport exercises and yoga practice have considerably supported his creative efforts for decades.
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