Individuals that reside in the highest social stratum of intelligence (i.e., those that have a high IQ) have been shown to generate relatively more national income and are more innovative, with those that have the lowest levels of IQ being less influential on economic development. However, the degree to which all levels of IQ influence economic growth and technological innovation remains unclear. By assuming that the IQ of a population is modeled based on a bell curve, we arrange IQ into three strata, namely intellectual class, average ability citizens, and non-intellectual class, which are represented by the 95 th , 50 th , and 5 th percentiles of cognitive ability, respectively. Our multiple hierarchical regression analysis of a sample of over 60 countries shows that the intellectual class has the greatest impact on economic growth followed by average ability citizens and the non-intellectual class in that order. Moreover, we find evidence that the impact of the intellectual class on technological progress is exceptionally more significant than even the number of professional researchers engaged in R&D activities, with average ability citizens and the non-intellectual class not significant. These findings allow us to suggest that the government and private institutions should not only employ professionals with good experiences and high academic credentials, but also those who has excellent IQ levels to work in their R&D sectors. However, in order to foster economic growth, governments should invest into facilities that benefit all societal 2 groups of intelligence level, with highest priority given to the intellectual class, followed by the average ability citizens and the non-intellectual class respectively.Keywords: economic growth; innovation; intellectual class; national IQ; non-intellectual class; patent JEL Classifications: I25, J24, O3, O47, Z13 IntroductionEmpirical studies have found that intellectual people, namely those that have a high IQ, contribute more to socioeconomic development in a society as compared to the average ability citizens. For example, assuming that the IQ of a population is modeled based on a normal distribution or bell curve (Herrnstein & Murray, 2010), Rindermann and Thompson (2011) found that the smartest proportion (i.e., those at the 95 th percentile on the IQ scale) is more significant in raising cross-national income and technological achievement as compared to the citizens that have an average IQ (50 th percentile). This finding implies that although the size of this "intellectual class" as it is termed in this paper is relatively small in the population, they are able to benefit society to a greater degree than society contributes to their lives.In a similar vein, Rindermann, Sailer, and Thompson (2009) Literature ReviewThe centuries-old relationship between cognitive ability and technological achievement has recently been explored. Lynn (2012), for example, examined 120 countries in order to assess the degree to which technological achievement over millennia at...

Financial health is defined as the ability to manage spending, plan for and recover from financial shocks, have minimum debt, and develop wealth; however, the antecedents to this vital idea are inconsistent. As a result, the study's main goal is to reveal the antecedents, and their direct and indirect consequences on people's financial health. Malaysian households were chosen using the multi-stage random sampling procedure, and a questionnaire survey was conducted. According to PLS-SEM analyses, only financial behavior, and money attitudes had a direct influence on financial health, and accounted for 46.7% of the total variance in financial health. Surprisingly, all three antecedents had a favorable impact on individual financial health through their money attitudes. Furthermore, all three antecedents revealed substantial, and positive correlations with money attitudes, explaining 45.6% of the overall variance. The current study contributed to filling research gaps on the factors that influence money attitudes, and financial health, guiding policymakers in their efforts to improve people's financial health through effective policy implementations.

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The present study examines whether crime rates can be reduced by increasing the IQ of people with high, average, and low IQ. Previous studies have shown that as a determinant of the national level of income per capita growth and technological achievement, the IQ of the intellectual class (those at the 95 th percentile of the Bell curve distribution of population intelligence) is more important than the IQ of those with average ability at the 50 th percentile.Extending these findings, our study incorporates the non-intellectual class (IQ at the 5 th percentile) to examine the role of IQ classes in determining crime rates across countries. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses with IQ, seven types of crimes, and nine control variables: urbanization, alcohol consumption, unemployment rate, young to old population ratio, income inequality, education attainment, drug consumption, police rate, and income per capita. Regardless of types of crimes, we found evidence that raising IQ will lessen crime rates, with raises in the 95 th percentile group having the most number of significant impacts, followed by the 50 th and then the 5 th percentile groups. Furthermore, none of the nine control factors was stronger than the 95 th percentile group in predicting crime rates. We conclude that the intellectual class influences rates of more types of crime than the non-intellectual class does. The intellectual class has the highest authority in 2 determining law enforcement and development policies. Therefore, increasing the IQ of politicians and leaders from this class than other social classes will have a more significant influence in reducing crime rates, through enhanced functionality and quality of institutions across countries.

Studies show that high IQ people practice healthier lifestyles, which result in better health status. However, do such people spend more on healthcare? We employed hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine the impact of national average IQ on private health expenditure, especially health insurance at cross-country level. Controlling for income, the old-age dependency ratio, and government expenditure on health, we found that IQ was positively significant on out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure but negatively associated with private health insurance expenditure. We suggest that high IQ societies pay less for health insurance because they are more capable of preventing illnesses or injuries and they live in healthier and safer environments, which are less vulnerable to diseases. In addition, they are more efficient at calculating risk and making choices according to their future healthcare 2 needs. Hence, with price dispersion and various choices of premium schemes available within the health insurance industry, high IQ people may be more efficient at obtaining lower effective prices of premiums.