Patients with PHT receiving a PRP injection did not improve on clinical outcomes at 8-weeks follow-up.

This study demonstrated no statistically significant differences in peri- and post-operative measures between patients undergoing intertrochanteric fracture fixation via PFN or DHS. This is the only data from Australian hospitals, and further national research is needed.

Surfing has rapidly grown in popularity as the sport made its debut at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Surfing injuries are becoming more relevant with the globalisation and increasing risks of the sport, but despite this, little is known about surfing injuries or prevention strategies in either the competitive or recreational surfer. Prior research demonstrates that surfers are injured at a frequency of 0.74–1.79 injuries per 1000 hours of surfing. We reviewed the literature for the incidence, anatomical distribution, type and underlying mechanism of acute and overuse injuries, and discuss current preventative measures. This review finds that skin injuries represent the highest proportion of total injuries. Acute injuries most frequently affect the head, neck and face, followed by the lower limbs. Being struck by one’s own board is the most common mechanism of injury. Non-contact acute ligament injuries have increased as surfing manoeuvres have become more acrobatic and overuse musculoskeletal injuries are highly correlated with paddling. However, there is a paucity of research for surfing injuries, and studies on overuse musculoskeletal injuries and prevention are disproportionally under-represented. Most of the prior studies are limited by small sample sizes, poor data collection methodology and geographical constraints. Further research is needed to establish preventative measures for both acute and overuse surfing injuries and to ensure the increasing popularity of surfing is met with an improved understanding of sport risks and safety. Specifically, we recommend research be prioritised regarding the efficacy of training programmes to prevent surfing-related overuse musculoskeletal injuries.

Radiofrequency (RF) chondroplasty is a promising treatment of chondral defects. The purpose of this study is to summarize current literature reporting the use of radiofrequency energy as an alternative treatment to mechanical shaving in chondroplasty. This review depicts the basic understanding of RF energy in ablating cartilage while exploring the basic science, laboratory evidence and clinical effectiveness of this form of chondroplasty. Laboratory studies have indicated that RF energy decreases inflammatory markers in the cartilage as well as providing optimal results with smoothing of chondral clefts. There have been concerns of chondrolysis due to heat damage of chondrocytes; however, this is unsubstantiated in clinical studies. These clinical trials have highlighted that RF energy is a safe and efficacious method of chondroplasty when compared to the mechanical shaving technique.