Irrigation is one of the most water-intensive agricultural activities in the world, which has been increasing over time. Choosing an optimal irrigation management plan depends on having available data in the monitoring field. A smart agriculture system gathers data from several sources; however, the data are not guaranteed to be free of discrepant values (i.e., outliers), which can damage the precision of irrigation management. Furthermore, data from different sources must fit into the same temporal window required for irrigation management and the data preprocessing must be dynamic and automatic to benefit users of the irrigation management plan. In this paper, we propose the Smart&Green framework to offer services for smart irrigation, such as data monitoring, preprocessing, fusion, synchronization, storage, and irrigation management enriched by the prediction of soil moisture. Outlier removal techniques allow for more precise irrigation management. For fields without soil moisture sensors, the prediction model estimates the matric potential using weather, crop, and irrigation information. We apply the predicted matric potential approach to the Van Genutchen model to determine the moisture used in an irrigation management scheme. We can save, on average, between 56.4% and 90% of the irrigation water needed by applying the Zscore, MZscore and Chauvenet outlier removal techniques to the predicted data.
Autonomic Computing allows systems like wireless sensor networks (WSN) to self-manage computing resources in order to extend their autonomy as much as possible. In addition, contextualization tasks can fuse two or more different sensor data into a more meaningful information. Since these tasks usually run in a single centralized context server (e.g., sink node), the massive volume of data generated by the wireless sensors can lead to a huge information overload in such server. Here we propose DAIM, a distributed autonomic inference machine distributed which allows the sensor nodes to do self-management and contextualization tasks based on fuzzy logic. We have evaluated DAIM in a real sensor network taking into account other inference machines. Experimental results illustrate that DAIM is an energy-efficient contextualization method for WSN, reducing 48.8% of the number of messages sent to the context servers while saving 19.5% of the total amount of energy spent in the network.
A performance analysis in terms of the bit error rate for digital systems with co-channel interference is done. In order to evaluate the effects of the interference on systems performance, expressions for the bit error rate are obtained for different scenarios. In these scenarios we consider one, two or K interferers that have the same power. If K is large, the interference is gaussian and the interference can be treated as equivalent noise. Scenarios with two interferers, where one of them is dominant and where the interference is asynchronous to the signal are also considered. Although the gaussian approximation is easy to be obtained, it is considered not a good model for cellular networks, because the number of main interferers is in essence one or two. This paper presents an effective tool to evaluate how much effective are the diverse schemes proposed to mitigate the co-channel interference in cellular networks.
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