The whole world is locked down due to the outbreak of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (nCOVID-19). A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus pandemic 2019. Investigating the role of inflammatory mediators and understanding the virology of nCOVID-19 virus help in designing a rational and effective therapy for this infection. This review provides an overview of the inflammatory mediators activated during nCOVID-19 infection and the pathophysiology of this viral infection. In this review, the authors have a detailed discussion about the types of viral strains of nCOVID-19, its mechanism of action, host immune response, and the dysregulation caused by the viruses in the host immune system causing disease progression. Understanding the role of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and clinical immunology will be the approach to find out the possible novel therapeutic interventions. Therapies involving regulation of immune responses help in inhibiting the various steps in the pathologies of infection. Also, updated knowledge regarding the dysregulation of immune system and disease outcome in critically ill patients serves as a precautionary measure in the development and evaluation of vaccine. Impact statement In late 2019, a novel virus called SARS-CoV-2, expanded globally from Wuhan, China and was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the WHO. The mechanism of virus entry inside the host cell depends upon the cellular proteases including cathepsins, HAT, and TMPRSS2, which splits up the spike protein and causes further penetration. MERS coronavirus uses DPP4, while coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 employ ACE-2 as the key receptor. Cytokine storm syndrome was analyzed in critically ill nCOVID-19 patients and it is presented with high inflammatory mediators, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. Among various inflammatory mediators, the level of interleukins (IL-2, IL-7, IL-10), G-CSF, MIP1A, MCP1, and TNF-α was reported to be higher in critically ill patients. Understanding this molecular mechanism of ILs, T cells, and dendritic cells will be helpful to design immunotherapy and novel drugs for the treatment of nCOVID-19 infection.

Recently, there has been wide interest in compounds containing the oxadiazole scaffold because of their unique chemical structure and their broad spectrum of biological properties. This review provides readers with an overview of the main synthetic methodologies for oxadiazoles and of their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as, anti-microbial, anti-fungal activity, antiviral, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, analgesic, anti-oedema and in alzheimer activity, which were reported over the past years.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common non‐progressive neurodevelopmental disorder in which the impairment of motor and posture functions occurs. This condition may be present in many different clinical spectra. Various aetiological and risk factors play a crucial role in the causation of CP. In various cases, the causes of CP may not be apparent. Interruption in the supply of oxygen to the fetus or brain asphyxia was considered to be the main causative factor explaining CP. Antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors could be involved in the origin of CP. Understanding its pathophysiology is also crucial for developing preventive and protective strategies. A major advancement in the brain stimulation techniques has emerged as a promising status in diagnostic and interventional approaches. This review provides a brief explanation about the various aetiological factors, pathophysiology, and recent therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cerebral palsy.

Advances and potentials of NiOx surface treatments for p-i-n perovskite solar cells. Solar RRL, 6(3), 2100700-, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100700. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.

Understanding the autistic brain and the involvement of genetic, non-genetic, and numerous signaling pathways in the etiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex, as is evident from various studies. Apart from multiple developmental disorders of the brain, autistic subjects show a few characteristics like impairment in social communications related to repetitive, restricted, or stereotypical behavior, which suggests alterations in neuronal circuits caused by defects in various signaling pathways during embryogenesis. Most of the research studies on ASD subjects and genetic models revealed the involvement of mutated genes with alterations of numerous signaling pathways like Wnt, hedgehog, and Retinoic Acid (RA). Despite significant improvement in understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of ASD, there is an increasing awareness related to it as well as a need for more in-depth research because no effective therapy has been developed to address ASD symptoms. Therefore, identifying better therapeutic interventions like “novel drugs for ASD” and biomarkers for early detection and disease condition determination are required. This review article investigated various etiological factors as well as the signaling mechanisms and their alterations to understand ASD pathophysiology. It summarizes the mechanism of signaling pathways, their significance, and implications for ASD.

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Background- The burden of diabetes in India is expected to worsen in the coming years. Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) is a validated and cost‑effective tool to identify risk of developing diabetes among population. Objectives- To assess the risk of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus using the IDRS in adults aged 30 years and above and to study the association of risk of diabetes with other factors. Material & Methods- A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kalyanpuri area of East Delhi. Data collection was done from August to December, 2018. 494 residents aged 30 years and above were included in the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Results- 43.7 % of the study subjects were aged 50 years or above and majority (65.38%) were females. More than half (59.31%) of the subjects were found to have high risk of diabetes. Age and central obesity were found to be significantly associated with risk of diabetes (p<0.05). Risk of developing diabetes was not associated with gender. Conclusion- Early detection of risk of diabetes by periodic screening and appropriate behavioral change communication would be effective in controlling the diabetes crisis.

Vanadium incorporation in ZnO modifies the lattice structure. The valence state of V plays an important role, controlling the oxygen content and thereby dimensions of the lattice. Both V4+ and V5+ are more electropositive than Zn2+ and reduce oxygen vacancies, resulting in lattice expansion. However, the sizes of both V4+ and V5+ are smaller than Zn2+, thereby resulting in the lattice contraction. The internal competition of increasing oxygen content and reducing effective crystal radius decides the lattice expansion and contraction. This affects the lattice strain and changes electronic levels, which modify absorption and emission processes in between the valence and conduction bands. A strong green emission band not due to oxygen vacancy but due to defects contributed by vanadium is also dependent on the oxidation state of vanadium. Bandgap also increases with the increase in the V4+ content.