independent variables) (Li, 1975). The proportion of variance in the response variable explained by variance Knowledge of interrelationships between grain yield and its conin the predictor variable (partial coefficient of determitributing components will improve the efficiency of breeding programs through the use of appropriate selection indices. Previous path analy-nation) is the square of the path coefficient. ses studies in maize (Zea mays L.) treated yield components as first-In most studies involving path analysis, researchers order variables. The present study, based on evaluation of 90 expericonsidered the predictor characters as first-order varimental maize hybrids (comprising one diallel and one line ϫ tester ables to analyze their effects over a dependent or reset) at two locations in India, utilizes a sequential path model for sponse variable such as yield (Xu, 1986;Han et al., 1991; analysis of genetic associations among grain yield and its related traits Simon, 1993;Agrama, 1996;Board et al., 1997; Kumar by ordering the various variables in first-, second-, and third-order et al., 1999). This approach might result in multicollinpaths on the basis of their maximum direct effects and minimal collinearity for variables, particularly when correlations earity. The sequential path model showed distinct advantages over the among some of the characters are high (Hair et al., 1995; conventional path model in discerning the actual effects of different Samonte et al., 1998). There may also be difficulties predictor variables. Two first-order variables, namely 100-grain weight and total number of kernels per ear, revealed highest direct effects in (i) interpretation of the actual contribution of each on total grain weight (p ϭ 0.74 and p ϭ 0.78, respectively), while ear variable, since the effects are mixed or confounded belength, ear diameter, number of kernel rows, and number of kernels cause of collinearity (Hair et al., 1995), and (ii) suppleper row were found to fit as second-order variables. All direct effects mentation of unique explanatory predictions from were found to be significant, as indicated by bootstrap analysis. Test additional variables. Samonte et al. (1998) adopted a for the goodness-of-fit revealed that the sequential path model prosequential path analysis for determining the relationvided better fit to various datasets analyzed in the study. Correlations ships among yield and related characters in rice (Oryza between the predicted values of various response variables in the sativa L.) by organizing and analyzing various predictor second season dataset based on the path coefficients of the first season variables in first-, second-, and third-order paths. Howwere high, except for ear length and number of kernels per row. The ever, the collinearity of predictor variables was not tested applicability of the model has been confirmed through analysis of two additional datasets during 2000. The results indicated the utility for their agronomic performance during the monsoon season

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Head and neck cancer is a major health problem. Oral cancer is increasing in Indian subcontinent mainly due to lack of hygiene, tobacco use, chewing tobacco, smoking, and many other factors. Radiation therapy is the most common form of treatment along with surgery and chemotherapy. There are 2 types of complication that occurs during and after radiotherapy, that occur because of effects on normal tissue. Radiotherapy-induced effects occur on the oral mucosa salivary glands, bone, teeth, and musculature of face and neck. These complications needs special attention for their prevention and treatment, Preradiotherapy evaluation and disease stabilization are necessary in every patient, counseling of patients before during and after radiotherapy is important to help them become aware of several oral complications and their prevention.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and etiology of maxillofacial fractures and also to evaluate different treatment modalities.Study design:The sample consisted of 1,038 patients, with maxillofacial injuries treated at our center from June 2006 to June 2011. Cause, type, site of injury, gender, age and treatment given to them, all these parameter are evaluated.Conclusion:The results of this study exhibit that road traffic accidents is the main reason for maxilla facial injuries followed by fall from height. Maxillofacial injuries are more frequent in male than in female. The mandible was most frequently involved facial bone. The miniplate osteosynthesis was the most widespread of the fixation technique but conservative management of the fractured bone also has a significance importance in treatment modalities.

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Background:There are different techniques for the sinus augmentation; the factors that contribute to the survival rate of sinus augmentation and dental implant placement are still the subject of discussion. So we compare the two different ways of sinus floor elevation: a) Lateral antrostomy as a one or two step procedure as direct method. b) Osteotome technique with a crestal approach as indirect method.Materials and Methods:A total of twenty partially edentulous patients in maxillary posterior region who opted for implant retained prosthesis but had a low sinus and deficient alveolar ridge within the age group of 20-55 years were taken up, 25 implants were placed in combination with bone grafting material for sinus augmentation. The final bone height was measured from Orthopantomogram. Post-operative Clinical Evaluation was based on pain, gingival inflammation status, stability, swelling and bone height. Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 15.0) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Results:The gain in bone height was significantly greater in direct procedure through lateral antrostomy (mean 8.5 mm) than in indirect method through crestal approach by osteotome technique (mean 4.4 mm).Conclusions:Osteotome technique can be recommended when more than 6 mm of residual bone height is present and an increase of 3-4 mm is expected. In case of more advanced resorption direct method through lateral antrostomy has to be performed. Both sinus elevation techniques did not seem to affect the implant success rate.

Summary. Background: Anagrelide is a selective inhibitor of megakaryocytopoiesis used to treat thrombocytosis in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. The effectiveness of anagrelide in lowering platelet counts is firmly established, but its primary mechanism of action remains elusive. Objectives and Methods: Here, we have evaluated whether anagrelide interferes with the major signal transduction cascades stimulated by thrombopoietin in the hematopoietic cell line UT-7/mpl and in cultured CD34 + -derived human hematopoietic cells. In addition, we have used quantitative mRNA expression analysis to assess whether the drug affects the levels of known transcription factors that control megakaryocytopoiesis. Results: In UT-7/ mpl cells, anagrelide (1 lM) did not interfere with MPLmediated signaling as monitored by its lack of effect on JAK2 phosphorylation. Similarly, the drug did not affect the phosphorylation of STAT3, ERK1/2 or AKT in either UT-7/mpl cells or primary hematopoietic cells. In contrast, during thrombopoietin-induced megakaryocytic differentiation of normal hematopoietic cultures, anagrelide (0.3 lM) reduced the rise in the mRNA levels of the transcription factors GATA-1 and FOG-1 as well as those of the downstream genes encoding FLI-1, NF-E2, glycoprotein IIb and MPL. However, the drug showed no effect on GATA-2 or RUNX-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, anagrelide did not diminish the rise in GATA-1 and FOG-1 expression during erythropoietin-stimulated erythroid differentiation. Cilostamide, an exclusive and equipotent phosphodiesterase III (PDEIII) inhibitor, did not alter the expression of these genes. Conclusions: Anagrelide suppresses megakaryocytopoiesis by reducing the expression levels of GATA-1 and FOG-1 via a PDEIII-independent mechanism that is differentiation context-specific and does not involve inhibition of MPL-mediated early signal transduction events.

We systematically reviewed the myofascial pain publications in the literature. The aim of this article is to review the methods of management and their outcome and factors associated with prognosis. The topics of interest in the diagnostic process are myofascial trigger points electromyography, jaw tracking, joint sound recorder, sonography, and vibratography, exclusion of other orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders. Management modalities are occlusal therapy, physiotherapy, multidimensional rehabilitation antinociceptive therapy, anti-inflammatory and analgesics, muscle relaxants, stretch, and spray technique, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, and in severe cases botulinum toxin may be tried. The disease required interdisciplinary interaction in terms of occlusal therapy, antinociceptive therapy and physiotherapy because management of the disease may be influenced by the specialist primarily treating the patients.