Investigations were carried out to compare the effectiveness of compounds such as sodium nitrite, trisodium citrate (TSC) and TSC-zinc acetate to inhibit the corrosion of steel rebar in simulated concrete interstitial solution contaminated with chloride and to explain the mechanism of corrosion inhibition on reinforcing steel by these systems. Inhibition efficiency of these systems was studied by electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization and half cell potential measurements. Electronic spectral studies of simulated pore solution and FT-IR spectral investigations of the film deposited on steel surface were carried out for understanding the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. Microscopic surface analysis was conducted to obtain the surface morphological behaviour of steel rebar. TSC alone was not exhibited good corrosion inhibition at very low and high concentrations according to electrochemical studies. However, in the presence of zinc acetate, corrosion protection efficiency of TSC increased appreciably. When comparing with sodium nitrite, TSC in the presence and absence of zinc acetate displayed good corrosion inhibition efficiency. Among a number of samples, TSC 100 ppm-zinc acetate 50 ppm combination showed maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency on steel rebar in simulated concrete interstitial solution.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s4009 0-018-0142-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this study, we completed the whole genome sequence of a new tobamovirus isolated from tomato plants grown in greenhouses in Jordan during the spring of 2015. The 6393-nt single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome encodes four proteins, as do other tobamoviruses: two replication-related proteins of 126 kDa and 183 kDa, a 30-kDa movement protein (MP) and a 17.5-kDa coat protein (CP). Phylogenetic analysis showed that this virus does not group with either the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) or the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) clades. Instead, it stems from a branch leading to the TMV clade. Analysis of possible recombination events between this virus and representative isolates of closely related tomato-infecting tobamoviruses showed that at least one region originated by recombination. We provide evidence that we have identified a new tobamovirus, for which we propose the name "tomato brown rugose fruit virus".

Plant Dis. 98:694, 2014; published online as http:// dx.

This paper presents a facile, rapid and green method to prepare magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) nanoparticles in one step reaction. In this method, an aqueous solution of ferric chloride hexa hydrate, ferrous chloride tetra hydrate (2/1 molar ratio) was mixed with carob leaf extract and heated for 5 minutes at 80℃. The magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis showed that the magnetite nanoparticles are well-monodisperse with 8 nm of average diameter. A possible synthesis mechanism of magnetite nanoparticles was presented at the same time.

Utilizing the reduced property of mulberry leaves extract and silver nit rate, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized at room temperature. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-v isible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM ) andX-ray diffract ion (XRD).Further, silver nanoparticles showed effective antibacterial activity toward StaphylococcusaureusandShigella sp.. Keywords SilverNanoparticles,Mulberry Leaves Ext ract, Characterizat ion, Antibacterial Activ ity 1.IntroductionThe growing need of environ mental friendly nanoparticles, researchers are using green methods for the synthesis of various metal nanoparticles. But nowadays, plant extract has been used as reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of nanoparticles which could be advantageous over photochemical reduction, heat evaporation, electrochemical reduction, and chemical reduction methods. Several biological systems including bacteria, fungi, and yeast have been used in synthesis of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles have attracted intensive research interest because of their important applicat ions as antimicrobial, catalytic, text ile fabrics and plastics to eliminate microorganisms. Because of such a wide range of applications, numerous methods concerning the fabrication of silver nanoparticles, as well as various silver-based compounds containing ionic silver (Ag+) or metallic silver (Ag0) have been developed. The synthetic methods used for the preparation of silver nanoparticles, some to xic chemical used as a reducing agent such as NaBH4, citrate, or ascorbate is most common ly used. In recent years, p lant-leaf ext racts synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco-friendliness. Although green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant leaves extract such as mangosteen [ This study was designed with a simp le, cost-effective and environmentally synthesis method of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at amb ient conditions using mu lberry leavesextract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The AgNPs synthesized in this method has the efficient antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. ExperimentalSilver nit rate (AgNO 3 ) was obtained from A ldrich Chemicals. A ll glassware have been washed with sterile distilled water and dried in an oven before use. Preparati on Mul berry Le aves Extract

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is the natural vector of the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease. Together; HLB and D. citri represent a major threat to world citrus production. As there is no cure for HLB, insect vector management is considered one strategy to help control the disease, and D. citri viruses might be useful. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to analyze viral sequences associated with the global population of D. citri. By sequencing small RNAs and the transcriptome coupled with bioinformatics analysis, we showed that the virus-like sequences of D. citri are diverse. We identified novel viral sequences belonging to the picornavirus superfamily, the Reoviridae, Parvoviridae, and Bunyaviridae families, and an unclassified positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Moreover, a Wolbachia prophage-related sequence was identified. This is the first comprehensive survey to assess the viral community from worldwide populations of an agricultural insect pest. Our results provide valuable information on new putative viruses, some of which may have the potential to be used as biocontrol agents. IMPORTANCEInsects have the most species of all animals, and are hosts to, and vectors of, a great variety of known and unknown viruses. Some of these most likely have the potential to be important fundamental and/or practical resources. In this study, we used highthroughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and bioinformatics analysis to identify putative viruses associated with Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. D. citri is the vector of the bacterium causing Huanglongbing (HLB), currently the most serious threat to citrus worldwide. Here, we report several novel viral sequences associated with D. citri. Viruses are the most abundant microbes on our planet (1) and are found in all types of organisms. Insects are the largest and most diverse taxonomic class among animals, representing perhaps half of known animals, with more than one million species recognized worldwide (2). Insects are known to be hosts to viruses belonging to various viral taxa, including the Baculoviridae, Parvoviridae, Flaviviridae, Ascoviridae, Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae (3). However, the number of currently described viral species infecting insects is relatively low compared to the number of viruses that have been discovered among prokaryotes, plants, and vertebrates. Furthermore, most of the insect viruses described to date have been discovered because of their pathogenic effects on their insect hosts or because they are pathogens of humans, other vertebrates, or economically important plants. Traditional viral detection methods that require prior knowledge of genome sequences may not be suitable for the discovery of new viruses and, in particular, viruses with a high level of genetic diversity. However, in the past decade, the development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and bioinformatics applications has provided ne...

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