Summary: A vast number of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are commercially available, all of which have the potential to increase the safety and comfort of driving a car. Due to age-specific performance limitations, older drivers could benefit a great deal from such in-vehicle technologies, provided that they are purchased and used. Based on the results of several market research studies, awareness of ADAS is significantly higher than their usage rate, which is still very low. To analyze the discrepancy between awareness and willingness to use ADAS, 32 older car drivers were surveyed in a semi-structured interview study. This paper examines the knowledge, experience, and barriers toward the use of ADAS in the elderly.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary thiamin, ranging from deficient to excessive supplies, on thiamin status of lactating rats and their offspring, and the thiamin level in milk. Therefore, after parturition, rat dams were divided into eight groups of 10 each, and were fed diets with 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 40, 350 and 3500 mg/kg thiamin over a total of 13 days during lactation. Milk for determining the thiamin concentration was obtained from day 6 and 13 of lactation. At day 14 of lactation rat dams and their offspring were used to ascertain the thiamin status including transketolase activity of blood, liver and brain, and thiamin concentration in body. Thiamin supplies ranging from deficient to excessive dietary concentrations influenced both the thiamin levels of the lactating dams and their offspring within 13 days. Lactating rat dams fed a thiamin-free diet and their offspring were classified as thiamin-deficient on the basis of growth retardation and a lower activity of transketolase in blood, liver and brain. Within these variables transketolase in blood has been shown to be most sensitive, and reached a plateau feeding 6 mg/kg thiamin. The concentration of thiamin in milk ranged between 0.1 and 19 mg/kg. The findings also show that dietary thiamin had the strongest effect on thiamin in milk obtained from day 6 and 13 of lactation, and a deficient or suboptimal supply with thiamin was therefore not compensated for an intensified transfer of reserved body thiamin into milk. Also thiamin levels in tissues and carcass, which did not show any clear-cut saturation characteristic, increased with increasing dietary thiamin, and this dose-dependence was more marked in blood and liver than in carcass.
Zusammenfassung
Thiaminversorgung laktierender Ratten und Thiamintransfer in Milch und Nachkommen
In der vorliegenden Studie sollte untersucht werden, ob mäßig variierende Konzentrationen an Nahrungsthiamin während der Laktation den Thiaminstatus von laktierenden Ratten sowie den Übertritt von Thiamin in die Milch und damit die Nachkommen innerhalb von 6 und 13 Tagen beeinflussen können. Dazu wurden Ratten nach dem Werfen in 6 Gruppen von je 8 Tieren eingeteilt, die während der Laktation über einen Zeitraum von 13 Tagen eine Diät mit 0,5, 6, 9, 12, 24 und 36 mg/kg Thiamin erhielten. Zur Erfassung des Thiaminstatus wurden am 14. Laktationstag von den Rattenmüttern und deren 13 Tage alten Nachkommen die Aktivität der Transketolase in Blut und Erythrozyten gemessen, sowie die Thiaminkonzentrationen in Blut, Leber und Restkörper.
Ratten, die eine Diät mit 0,5 mg/kg Thiamin erhielten, zeigten Thiaminmangelsymptome, die sich in verminderter Körpermasse und erniedrigten Transketolaseaktivitäten in Blut und Erythrozyten äußerten. Auf der Grundlage dieser Parameter wurde der Thiaminbedarf während der Laktation mit 6–9 mg/kg veranschlagt. Die Thiaminkonzentration in der Milch variierte zwischen 0,2 und 5,6 mg/kg und wurde durch die Menge des aufgenommenen Nahrungsthiamins stark beeinflußt. Auch die Thiaminkonzentrationen in den Nachkommen spiegelten sehr stark die Thiaminversorgung der Mütter bzw. deren Thiaminspiegel in der Milch wider. Dabei zeigte das Blut die stärkste Dosis‐Abhängigkeit, gefolgt von Leber und Restkörper. In allen Fällen unterlagen jedoch die Thiaminkonzentration im Körper keinem eindeutigen Sättigungsverhalten.
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