Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global psychiatric disorder with no established biomarker. There is growing evidence that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has the ability to aid in the diagnosis and prediction of the treatment response of MDD. The aim of this review was to systematically review, and gather the evidence from existing studies that used fNIRS signals in the diagnosis of MDD, correlations with depression symptomatology, and the monitoring of treatment response. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for published English articles from 1980 to June 2019 that focused on the application of fNIRS for (i) differentiating depressed versus nondepressed individuals, (ii) correlating with depression symptomatology, and in turn (iii) monitoring treatment responses in depression. Studies were included if they utilized fNIRS to evaluate cerebral hemodynamic variations in patients with MDD of any age group. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Results: A total of 64 studies were included in this review, with 12 studies being longitudinal, while the rest were cross-sectional. More than two-thirds of the studies (n = 49) had acceptable quality. fNIRS consistently demonstrated attenuated cerebral hemodynamic changes in depressed compared to healthy individuals. fNIRS signals have also shown promise in correlating with individual symptoms of depression and monitoring various treatment responses. Conclusions: This review provides comprehensive updated evidence of the diagnostic and predictive applications of fNIRS in patients with MDD. Future studies involving larger

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis is the most common ocular manifestation of CMV disease in immunocompetent individuals. It is thought to be due to a local reactivation of latent CMV and is usually unilateral. The acute form presents as Posner-Schlossman Syndrome, a recurrent hypertensive anterior uveitis with few granulomatous keratic precipitates. There are geographic differences in the chronic form of CMV anterior uveitis. Asian patients commonly present as Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome with diffuse stellate keratic precipitates, while the European patients present with a chronic hypertensive anterior uveitis with fewer keratic precipitates that are brown in color and located inferiorly. Characteristic features of CMV anterior uveitis include mild anterior chamber inflammation, elevated intraocular pressure, stromal iris atrophy. Synechiae, macular edema and retinitis are typically absent. CMV disease may also be associated with the development of corneal endotheliitis with a reduced endothelial cell count. Long-term complications include glaucomatous optic neuropathy and cataract formation.

Chronic sufferers of severe eczema experience poorer QOL than those with mild or moderate eczema. They also experience significant psychosocial impact as a consequence of their condition.

Viral anterior uveitis (VAU) needs to be suspected in anterior uveitis (AU) associated with elevated intraocular pressure, corneal involvement, and iris atrophic changes. Common etiologies of VAU include herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus, and rubella virus. Clinical presentations can vary from granulomatous AU with corneal involvement, Posner-Schlossman syndrome, Fuchs uveitis syndrome, and endothelitis. Due to overlapping clinical manifestations between the different viruses, diagnostic tests like polymerase chain reaction and Goldmann-Witmer coefficient analysis on the aqueous humor may help in identifying etiology to plan and monitor treatment.

The use of ASOCT to evaluate AC inflammation and corneal thickness aids in the early evaluation and diagnosis of graft rejection in animal models. Early increased AC inflammation was an early predictor of graft failure prior to definitive clinical evaluation.