This study examined self-related subordinate variables as moderators of relationships between supervisors' leadership behaviours (transformational as well as activecorrective transactional leadership) and subordinates' innovative behaviour and task performance. Based on behavioural plasticity and self-monitoring theory, we hypothesized that these associations would be moderated by subordinates' organization-based self-esteem and by their propensity to modify self-presentation, a major facet of the self-monitoring construct. Field survey data (N ¼ 161) collected in research and development, marketing and human resources departments of several German companies revealed that transformational leadership positively predicted both criteria, whereas active-corrective transactional leadership negatively predicted innovation. As hypothesized, transformational leadership related more strongly and positively to innovation for subordinates low in organization-based self-esteem. When subordinates were low in self-presentation propensity, active-corrective transactional leadership was negatively, and transformational leadership was positively associated with task performance.

Individual differences in self-reported hope assessed before and during treatment were related to outcome markers of therapeutic improvement. Clients were assigned to either a motivational orientation group or a waiting list group. All clients thereafter received 12 weeks of individual therapy. As hypothesized, higher baseline hope was associated with greater client wellbeing, functioning and coping, and regulation of emotional distress and fewer symptoms. High-relative to low-hope clients also reported that the orientation group was significantly more helpful. As hypothesized, agency scores (tapping motivation) from baseline were associated with positive

We examined the relationship between high school and collegiate organizational involvement and their differential and collective effects on the development of leader selfefficacy, motivation to lead and leadership skill. Our goal was to better understand how the student leader development process unfolds at different points in time over young adulthood. The study investigated members of registered student organizations (n=757) during the Fall 2016 semester. Results of the study indicated strong developmental relationships between past high school involvement, current collegiate involvement and leader capacity change. Positional leadership and students' priority placed on their involvement during high school were predictive of leader skill and self-efficacy, while in college, only mental and physical engagement in organizations predicted leader development.

Gene therapy is a critical constituent of treatment approaches for genetic diseases and has gained tremendous attention. Treating and preventing diseases at the genetic level using genetic materials such as DNA or RNAs could be a new avenue in medicine. However, delivering genes is always a challenge as these molecules are sensitive to various enzymes inside the body, often produce systemic toxicity, and suffer from off-targeting problems. In this regard, transdermal delivery has emerged as an appealing approach to enable a high efficiency and low toxicity of genetic medicines. This review systematically summarizes outstanding transdermal gene delivery methods for applications in skin cancer treatment, vaccination, wound healing, and other therapies. Graphical abstract