Greater efforts are needed to ensure that counties with higher proportions of minorities, uninsured households, and low-income households have access to safe drinking water, irrespective of the size of population served by the CWS.

No abstract

PurposeThis paper aims to trace the historical roots of African American management by examining managerial practices and experiences described in the letters of Benjamin Thornton Montgomery, a former slave who eventually became manager and, ultimately, owner of the Hurricane plantation.Design/methodology/approachThe method used is the historical archival method of analysis, primarily the examination of a series of letters written by Montgomery during the 1865‐1870 time periods. These letters, which document the foundation and emergence of African American management during the Emancipation age, are for the first time presented as a source of management history.FindingsContrary to traditional thoughts of the insignificance of the plantation era to the history of management, the analysis indicates that Montgomery's management practices were quite sophisticated as they incorporated classical management principles of planning, delegation, leadership, and control.Practical implicationsThis paper provides insights concerning the historical roots of management practices during the African American Emancipation period which could provide contemporary managers with a more realistic foundation of management practice.Originality/valueThe principal contribution of this investigation is the historical awareness of the documented roots of African American management represented by Montgomery's competence and perseverance to manage effectively while withstanding impeding racial attacks.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to further fill the void of American slavery within management history and leadership studies by presenting the unique case of Joseph E. Davis's paternalistic leadership. Design/methodology/approach -This case was selected because of Davis's attempt to transplant Robert Owen's utopian practices of social harmony in an industrial, textile-mill setting to the backdrop of his slavery plantation. The method used is the historical method of analyzing both primary and secondary sources of data about Joseph E. Davis, a Mississippi planter, during the time periods of antebellum and reconstruction. Findings -This analysis indicates that Joseph E. Davis exhibited benevolence, authoritarianism, and, to a degree, moral paternalistic leadership with his slaves. Yet, due to his ideology and the context, he still defended slavery and Southern rights. Research limitations/implications -Historical knowledge about paternalistic leadership during the antebellum slavery and reconstruction time period will help to end the denial of slavery in management studies, as well as contribute to the understanding of paternalism in many contemporary cultures. Originality/value -This is the first article to provide primary evidence of paternalistic leadership in management history studies within this erroneously disregarded period. Keywords Leadership, History, United States of America Paper type Conceptual paper Throughout our lives we have been subjected to socially imposed constraints, which are said to be for our own good. Some are a matter of law, some a matter of institutional policy, some generated by the acts of friends and relatives. These paternalistically motivated constraints are morally troublesome (Van DeVeer, 1986, p. 3).Management history research is replete with studies addressing ancient, pre-modern, and more contemporary time periods (see Wren and Bedeian, 2009, for a comprehensive review). Cooke (2003Cooke ( , p. 1895, however, points out that regrettably the period of American slavery "has been wrongfully excluded from histories of management". We agree with Cooke (2003) that there has been not only an absence but also a comprehensive denial of slavery in management history and leadership studies. Although multiple reasons could be ascribed, there is little doubt that the ugliness and