Drinking Water Violations and Environmental Justice in the United States, 2011–2015

McDonald, Yolanda J.; Jones, Nicole E.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304621

Cited by 80 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Exposure is highly unevenly distributed, concentrated in lower-socioeconomic individuals and neighborhoods (Sampson and Winter 2016). An overlapping inequitably patterned issue is reliable in-home access to safe drinking water free from contaminants (e.g., heavy metals or bacteria) (Balazs and Ray, 2014;McDonald and Jones, 2018). Additionally, secondhand smoke continues to be associated with the deaths of 42,000 non-smokers each year (Max et al, 2012).…”

Section: Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Swope

Hernández

2019

Social Science & Medicine

246

170

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Housing is a major pathway through which health disparities emerge and are sustained over time. However, no existing unified conceptual model has comprehensively elucidated the relationship between housing and health equity with attention to the full range of harmful exposures, their cumulative burden and their historical production. We synthesized literature from a diverse array of disciplines to explore the varied aspects of the relationship between housing and health and developed an original conceptual model highlighting these complexities. This holistic conceptual model of the impact of housing on health disparities illustrates how structural inequalities shape unequal distribution of access to health-promoting housing factors, which span four pillars: 1) cost (housing affordability); 2) conditions (housing quality); 3) consistency (residential stability); and 4) context (neighborhood opportunity). We further demonstrate that these four pillars can lead to cumulative burden by interacting with one another and with other structurally-rooted inequalities to produce and reify health disparities. We conclude by offering a comprehensive vision for healthy housing that situates housing's impact on health through a historical and social justice lens, which can help to better design policies and interventions that use housing to promote health equity.

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Section: Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Swope

Hernández

2019

Social Science & Medicine

246

170

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“…The objective (BLL) and subjective (questionnaire) results were combined to explore the interconnected factors for inquitable exposure to lead and children’s behavioral problems in ger areas within the framework of environmental injustice. In the context of this paper, environmental justice refers to fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens [34–36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental injustice and childhood lead exposure in peri-urban (ger) areas of Darkhan and Erdenet, Mongolia

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe ger (“tent city”) areas in Mongolia are a product of rapid urbanization and transitional economic development combine with lack of institutional, administrative and financial capacity of governments to cope with the pace. These areas have become traps for inequities in social and environmental services and the associated effects on human health. Disparities in childhood lead exposure in such communities are largely unexplored.MethodsWe measured the concentrations of lead in blood of children, aged 4–7 years, in Erdenet (Orkhon Province) and Darkhan (Darkhan-Uul Province), the second and third largest cities in Mongolia. A survey instrument was used to gather information on influencing factors on lead exposure and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess a spectrum of behavioral problems among the children.ResultsThe mean blood lead level (BLL) of children in the two cities was found to be 3.8 ± 2.6 μg/dL (range: < 1.5–17.2 μg/dL) and 27.8% of the children had BLLs ≥5 μg/dL. Average BLL of children in Erdenet (a mining center) was significantly higher than that for children in Darkhan, and there was statistically significant difference between average BLL of children who live in ger district (4.2 ± 2.8 μg/dL) compared to those of children in housing units within the city (3.2 ± 2.4 μg/dL). In spite of the low values, BLLs was significantly associated with a number of effects on the spectrum of behavioral disorders, specifically with the scores for hyperactivity, conduct disorder and pro-social behavior.ConclusionsThis study shows that childhood lead poisoning is common especially in ger communities of the urban areas of Mongolia. It contributes evidence showing that BLL low as 3.8 μg/dL can selectively activate some effects from a spectrum of likely behavioral disorders in children.

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“…PWSs with a primacy agency type of 'territory' or 'tribal' were not included because these communities have experienced injustices related to water quality and often face administrative challenges and therefore deserve to be studied separately. 18,26 Using the SDWIS, all health-based violations data were downloaded, which includes health-based violations of over 90 contaminants. In the advanced search options of the SDWIS, year was set to '2020', quarter was set to '1', activity status was set to 'All', and is health based was set to 'Yes'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They justified their decision to include only CWSs that serve over 500 people because these PWSs cover a large fraction of the U.S. population; further very small CWSs and all NCWSs are required to sample less frequently than larger CWSs for some contaminants (e.g., disinfection byproducts), which impacts the likelihood of detecting a violation, and are more likely to violate monitoring and reporting requirements. 17 Considering smaller CWSs may serve more low-income people in rural areas 18 and considering NCWSs provide water to vulnerable populations, such as those in schools and hospitals, we decided to include all CWS and NCWS in the current study. Two recent studies also covered both CWS and NCWS across the conterminous U.S., but only focused on nitrate violations from 1994-2016 (ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations across the United States

Michielssen

Vedrin

Guikema

2020

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Drinking Water Violations and Environmental Justice in the United States, 2011–2015

Abstract: Greater efforts are needed to ensure that counties with higher proportions of minorities, uninsured households, and low-income households have access to safe drinking water, irrespective of the size of population served by the CWS.

Cited by 80 publications

References 16 publications

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Environmental injustice and childhood lead exposure in peri-urban (ger) areas of Darkhan and Erdenet, Mongolia

Trends in microbiological drinking water quality violations across the United States

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