Recibido: 05 de noviembre del 2018Aprobado: 10 de diciembre del 2018El propósito del presente artículo es analizar las habilidades metacognitivas en estudiantes de 5to medio en Santiago de Chile. La investigación se sustentó en los postulados teóricos de Caballero (2010), Woolfolk (2006), Castejón (2009), Crozier (2001), (2012), Hernán (2014), entre otros. El estudio se enmarcó como descriptivo, con un diseño de campo, no experimental y transeccional. La población estuvo conformada por un total de ciento diecinueve (119) sujetos, estudiantes de quinto (5to) medio de las Instituciones objeto de estudio. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes consideran altamente adecuado las habilidades de evaluación, así como la orientación a la acción frente a la volatilidad como habilidad metacognitiva. Se concluyó que las habilidades metacognitivas son altamente adecuadas en opinión de los estudiantes, por lo que se recomendó fortalecer la capacidad metacognitiva de los estudiantes mediante del incentivo al uso de dispositivos en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje.
There is vast evidence that accounts for the association between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the probability of starting a business (PSB). However, there are not many studies that test how psychological factors moderate this relationship. A variable that has been little studied in this relationship is Grit. Grit is considered a personality trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Grit considers two sub-dimensions, one linked to the consistency of interests (Grit-Passion) and the other linked to perseverance in the effort (Grit-Perseverance). The objective of this article is to analyze the moderating role that both sub-dimensions of grit plays in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering its interaction with sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and culture. This cross-sectional study has a sample of 1,761 participants, active workers (49.8% men; mean age 41.15 years, SD = 12.72 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a Grit Scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of grit in the relationship between EO and PSB. Subsequently, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of grit on the relationship in question. The results show that only the Grit-Passion component of grit moderates the relationship between EO and PSB. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, neither age, culture, nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exercised by Grit-Passion in the relationship between OE and PSB. The results are discussed in terms of psychological capital, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only the Grit-Passion shows a moderating effect on the relationship between EO and PSB, in detriment of Grit-Perseverance. In addition, the power of grit in the field of entrepreneurship is discussed, considering that its moderating effect is transversal to variations in age, gender and culture, as well as its relevance when considering interventions and pedagogical models in the field of entrepreneurship.
Although the correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and concrete actions to set up a business or the Probability of Starting a Business (PSB) has been widely studied, the psychological factors that can affect this relationship have not yet been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. One of them is curiosity. Both at theoretical and empirical level, a distinction are usually made between two types of curiosity. I-type curiosity is associated with the anticipated pleasure of discovering something new, and D-type curiosity is associated with reducing uncertainty and eliminating unwanted states of ignorance. Consequently, this paper aims to analyze the moderating role that the types of curiosity play in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering their interaction with sociodemographic variables. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,761 participants (convenience sampling of active workers; 49.8% men; mean age 38.88 years, SD = 12.53 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a curiosity scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of both types of curiosity in the relationship between EO and PSB. Next, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify, which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of curiosity. The results show that only the D-type component moderates the relationship between EO and PSB: The higher the D-type curiosity, the stronger the association between EO and PSB. In terms of sociodemographic variables, neither culture nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exerted by D-type curiosity. While, age did moderate the moderating effect of D-type curiosity on the relationship between EO and PSB. Results are discussed in terms of spirituality (attitudes, practices, and behaviors) and the resolution of problems associated with the entrepreneurial process, considering cognitive and psychological factors, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only D-type curiosity shows a moderating effect. Finally, the limitations of the study and potential future lines of research are pointed out.
Recibido: 10 de octubre del 2018Aprobado: 09 de diciembre del 2018 El presente artículo se propuso analizar el optimismo disposicional en docentes que laboran en universidades privadas de la región metropolitana en Chile. Se realizó una revisión de las teorías relativas a la variable para dar cumplimiento a dicho propósito. Metodológicamente, la investigación se categorizó como descriptiva, con un diseño de campo, transeccional y no experimental. La población estuvo compuesta por los docentes que dictan clases en niveles de maestría en universidades privadas en la región metropolitana de Chile, seleccionada de forma intencional y representada por treinta y un (31) unidades informantes. Para la recolección de los datos se aplicó un cuestionario, conformado por seis (6) ítems. Para el análisis de los mismos se hizo uso de la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados permitieron visualizar una muy alta percepción de optimismo en los docentes, aunque igualmente se percibió una percepción moderada de pesimismo, infiriéndose que los docentes universitarios perciben que los objetivos que se proponen son alcanzables, mostrándose perseverantes al logro de los mismos. Las recomendaciones se enfocaron a proponer evaluaciones y consultoría psicológica periódicas a los docentes, orientada a diagnosticar a tiempo alguna actitud desfavorable para minimizar el pesimismo moderado registrado.
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