The influence of various wine parameters on the production and stability of xanthylium cation pigments in a wine‐like medium is reported. The xanthylium pigments have an absorbance maximum in the visible region at 440 nm that is close to the measured absorbance used by the wine industry to indicate the browning of wine (i.e. 420 nm). The results of this study show that iron is more efficient than copper in both the colouration and production of xanthylium cation pigments in wine‐like solutions of tartaric acid and (+)‐catechin. The non‐flavonoid caffeic acid can inhibit the accumulation of the xanthylium cation pigments, despite the presence of metal ions, and also influence the stability of the pigment. Sunlight leads to a decrease in the concentration of xanthylium cation pigments while a temperature difference of 20 oC in the absence of light was observed to have little influence on concentration. The results suggest that the xanthylium cations are more likely to be a transitory species during white wine oxidation rather than accumulating pigments based on their instability with caffeic acid.
RIP1 kinase regulates necroptosis and inflammation and may play an important role in contributing to a variety of human pathologies, including inflammatory and neurological diseases. Currently, RIP1 kinase inhibitors have advanced into early clinical trials for evaluation in inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis and neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we report on the design of potent and highly selective dihydropyrazole (DHP) RIP1 kinase inhibitors starting from a high-throughput screen and the leadoptimization of this series from a lead with minimal rat oral exposure to the identification of dihydropyrazole 77 with good pharmacokinetic profiles in multiple species. Additionally, we identified a potent murine RIP1 kinase inhibitor 76 as a valuable in vivo tool molecule suitable for evaluating the role of RIP1 kinase in chronic models of disease. DHP 76 showed efficacy in mouse models of both multiple sclerosis and human retinitis pigmentosa.
Dual-specificity, tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated
kinases (DYRKs)
and cdc2-like kinases (CLKs) play a large variety of cellular functions
and are involved in several diseases (cognitive disorders, diabetes,
cancers, etc.). There is, thus, growing interest in pharmacological
inhibitors as chemical probes and potential drug candidates. This
study presents an unbiased evaluation of the kinase inhibitory activity
of a library of 56 reported DYRK/CLK inhibitors on the basis of comparative,
side-by-side, catalytic activity assays on a panel of 12 recombinant
human kinases, enzyme kinetics (residence time and K
d), in-cell inhibition of Thr-212-Tau phosphorylation,
and cytotoxicity. The 26 most active inhibitors were modeled in the
crystal structure of DYRK1A. The results show a rather large diversity
of potencies and selectivities among the reported inhibitors and emphasize
the difficulties to avoid “off-targets” in this area
of the kinome. The use of a panel of DYRKs/CLKs inhibitors is suggested
to analyze the functions of these kinases in cellular processes.
A novel one-pot, three-component synthesis of N-acyl or Ncarbamoyl-α-amidosulfides 4 is described. The three-component reaction of aldehydes 1, primary carbamates (or amides) 2 and phenylsulfinic acid (6a) afforded α-amidosulfones 7, which after addition of sodium thiolate were in situ transformed into stable α-amidosulfides 4 in good to excellent
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