INCREASED SIZE EXCLUSION LIMIT 2 (ISE2) encodes a putative DEVH-box RNA helicase originally identified through a genetic screening for Arabidopsis mutants altered in plasmodesmata (PD) aperture. Depletion of ISE2 also affects chloroplasts activity, decreases accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and alters expression of photosynthetic genes. In this work, we show the chloroplast localization of ISE2 and decipher its role in plastidic RNA processing and, consequently, PD function. Group II intron-containing RNAs from chloroplasts exhibit defective splicing in ise2 mutants and ISE2-silenced plants, compromising plastid viability. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation suggests that ISE2 binds in vivo to several splicing-regulated RNAs. Finally, we show that the chloroplast clpr2 mutant (defective in a subunit of a plastidic Clp protease) also exhibits abnormal PD function during embryogenesis, supporting the idea that chloroplast RNA processing is required to regulate cell-cell communication in plants.

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In this study 1178 Y-STR haplotypes of unrelated male donors' samples were analyzed in order to detect Y-STR structure variations and their implications in forensic samples analysis. DNA was amplified with Yfiler or Yfiler Plus (Applied Biosystems). 19 structure variations (1.6%) were detected: 12 duplications, 5 deletions, 1 deletion/ duplication and 1 complex structure variation. The markers involved were mostly DYF387S1 and DYS19. In 5 samples the structure variations included several Y-STRs. In one particular case, alleles were detected in only 7 markers of the Yfiler Plus kit. These findings are not critical for kinship studies whereas are very important in forensic caseworks interpretation.