The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Antimicrobial consumption in animals is threefold that of humans and has enabled large-scale animal protein production. The consequences for the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals have received comparatively less attention than in humans. We analyzed 901 point prevalence surveys of pathogens in developing countries to map resistance in animals. China and India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, with new hotspots emerging in Brazil and Kenya. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials showing resistance above 50% increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs. Escalating resistance in animals is anticipated to have important consequences for animal health and, eventually, for human health.

Background The inverse care law states that disadvantaged populations need more health care than advantaged populations but receive less. Gaps in COVID-19-related health care and infection control are not well understood. We aimed to examine inequalities in health in the care cascade from testing for SARS-CoV-2 to COVID-19-related hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death in Switzerland, a wealthy country strongly affected by the pandemic. MethodsWe analysed surveillance data reported to the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health from March 1, 2020, to April 16, 2021, and 2018 population data. We geocoded residential addresses of notifications to identify the Swiss neighbourhood index of socioeconomic position (Swiss-SEP). The index describes 1•27 million small neighbourhoods of approximately 50 households each on the basis of rent per m², education and occupation of household heads, and crowding. We used negative binomial regression models to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs) of the association between ten groups of the Swiss-SEP index defined by deciles (1=lowest, 10=highest) and outcomes. Models were adjusted for sex, age, canton, and wave of the epidemic (before or after June 8, 2020). We used three different denominators: the general population, the number of tests, and the number of positive tests. Findings Analyses were based on 4 129 636 tests, 609 782 positive tests, 26 143 hospitalisations, 2432 ICU admissions, 9383 deaths, and 8 221 406 residents. Comparing the highest with the lowest Swiss-SEP group and using the general population as the denominator, more tests were done among people living in neighbourhoods of highest SEP compared with lowest SEP (adjusted IRR 1•18 [95% CrI 1•02-1•36]). Among tested people, test positivity was lower (0•75 [0•69-0•81]) in neighbourhoods of highest SEP than of lowest SEP. Among people testing positive, the adjusted IRR was 0•68 (0•62-0•74) for hospitalisation, was 0•54 (0•43-0•70) for ICU admission, and 0•86 (0•76-0•99) for death. The associations between neighbourhood SEP and outcomes were stronger in younger age groups and we found heterogeneity between areas. Interpretation The inverse care law and socioeconomic inequalities were evident in Switzerland during the COVID-19 epidemic. People living in neighbourhoods of low SEP were less likely to be tested but more likely to test positive, be admitted to hospital, or die, compared with those in areas of high SEP. It is essential to continue to monitor testing for SARS-CoV-2, access and uptake of COVID-19 vaccination and outcomes of COVID-19. Governments and healthcare systems should address this pandemic of inequality by taking measures to reduce health inequalities in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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In Switzerland, the COVID-19 epidemic is progressively slowing down owing to "social distancing" measures introduced by the Federal Council on 16 March 2020. However, the gradual ease of these measures may initiate a second epidemic wave, the length and intensity of which are difficult to anticipate. In this context, hospitals must prepare for a potential increase in intensive care unit (ICU) admissions of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we introduce icumonitoring.ch, a platform providing hospital-level projections for ICU occupancy. We combined current data on the number of beds and ventilators with canton-level projections of COVID-19 cases from two S-E-I-R models. We disaggregated epidemic projection in each hospital in Switzerland for the number of COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, hospitalisations in ICU, and ventilators in use. The platform is updated every 3-4 days and can incorporate projections from other modelling teams to inform decision makers with a range of epidemic scenarios for future hospital occupancy.

Population genetics focuses on the analysis of genetic differences within and betweengroup of individuals and the inference of the populations' structure. These analyses are usually carried out using Bayesian clustering or maximum likelihood estimation algorithms that assign individuals to a given population depending on specific genetic patterns. Although several tools were developed to perform population genetics analysis, their standard graphical outputs may not be sufficiently informative for users lacking interactivity and complete information. StructuRly aims to resolve this problem by offering a complete environment for population analysis. In particular, StructuRly combines the statistical power of the R language with the friendly interfaces implemented using the shiny libraries to provide a novel tool for performing population clustering, evaluating several genetic indexes, and comparing results. Moreover, graphical representations are interactive and can be easily personalized. StructuRly is available either as R package on GitHub, with detailed information for its installation and use and as shinyapps.io servers for those users who are not familiar with R and the RStudio IDE. The application has been tested on Linux, macOS and Windows operative systems and can be launched as a shiny app in every web browser.

ntimicrobials are used in agriculture as disease treatments, prophylactically to prevent infections in healthy animals and to increase productivity 1 . However, the routine use of antimicrobials as surrogates for good hygiene practices on farms 2,3 is driving a rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with increasingly serious consequences for animal health 1,4 and potentially for human health 5,6 .Globally, 73% of antimicrobials are used in animals 7 , with China being the largest consumer of antimicrobials in absolute terms (41,967 t in 2017) and the second largest consumer in relative terms with 200 mg kg −1 (ref. 8 ) (Supplementary Fig. 1a,b). In comparison, Denmark and the Netherlands use respectively 39 and 56 mg kg −1 (ref. 9 ), while maintaining a productive livestock sector. Multiple factors may contribute to antimicrobial overuse in China. Meat production has grown by 560% since 1979 (FAOSTAT, http://www. fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL), which could have made farmers reliant on antimicrobials to prevent infections. Veterinary antimicrobials are reportedly accessible without prescriptions 10 and are sold at low prices in comparison to other countries 11 . As in many other low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) 12,13 , farmers predominantly obtain antimicrobials from local drug stores where vendors also provide medical advice without veterinary training 10,14 . Additionally, enforcing the existing regulations 10 on the compounds authorized in animals, or the recently announced ban on growth promoters 15 , remains a formidable challenge in a country where 360 million people are active in agriculture (World Bank, https:// data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS). In the last 5 yr, China has reported multiple first emergence of resistance genes to last-resort antimicrobials such as colistin and tigecycline 16,17 and a recent global analysis suggested that China may have become one of the largest hotspots of resistance among LMICs 4 , ranking eighth in relative terms, and first in absolute terms, for the animal-associated burden of AMR amongst LMICs (Supplementary Fig. 1d,e).

Morphometric, biochemical and genetic analyses were conducted on Olea europaea L. of Campania, an area of Southern Italy highly suited to the cultivation of olive trees and the production of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). We aimed to characterize the distribution of morphological, biochemical and genetic diversity in this area and to develop a practical tool to aid traceability of oils. Phenotypes were characterized using morphometric data of drupes and leaves; biochemical and genetic diversity were assessed on the basis of the fatty acid composition of the EVOOs and with microsatellite markers, respectively. We provide an open-source tool as a novel R package titled ‘OliveR’, useful in performing multivariate data analysis using a point and click interactive approach. These analyses highlight a clear correlation among the morphological, biochemical and genetic profiles of samples with four collection sites, and confirm that Southern Italy represents a wide reservoir of phenotypic and genetic variability.

Aims In multiflowered species, the architecture of inflorescences is of primary importance in shaping plant attractiveness. The aim of this study was to disentangle the role of inflorescence traits in plant female reproductive success and pollination patterns along the inflorescence in the lax-flowered orchid Anacamptis laxiflora, a terrestrial species exploiting a deceptive pollination strategy. We also evaluated whether the relationship between inflorescence traits and female reproductive success was modified by the height of surrounding vegetation and/or by population density. Methods We delimited experimental plots in a natural population of A. laxiflora. We tallied the individuals within each plot and categorized low-density plots and high-density plots; then, in part of the plots we manually removed surrounding grass thus producing an equal number of plots with high grass and low grass. Within these plots, we recorded inflorescence traits and female reproductive success (i.e. the number of fruit and their position along the inflorescence). We analyzed these data using Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models (GLMMs) and calculated selection gradients. Important Findings We found that all the investigated inflorescence traits influenced female reproductive success. In particular, our GLMMs showed that “average flower distance” was the best predictor for shaping reproductive success patterns. We detected significant positive selection on the investigated inflorescence traits, but these selective trends were strictly linked to both the height of the surrounding vegetation and the population density, suggesting a significant influence of local environmental context in shaping selective patterns. Female reproductive success was not linked to the position of flowers along the inflorescence, suggesting that pollinators visit flowers randomly along the inflorescence without a detectable preference for a specific part. This study highlights the importance of inflorescence traits in shaping female reproductive success of multiflowered deceptive orchids, and confirms a primary role for the environmental context in modifying pollinator-mediated selection patterns.