The intestinal microbiota is a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, protists and fungi 1,2 . While the composition of bacterial constituents has been linked to immune homeostasis and to infectious susceptibility [3][4][5][6][7] , the role of non-bacterial constituents and of cross-kingdom microbial interactions in these processes is poorly understood 2,8 . Fungi represent a major cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in immune-compromised individuals, though the relationship of intestinal fungi (i.e., the mycobiota) with fungal bloodstream infections (BSI) remains undefined 9 .Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Highlights d Infected Mo-DCs and neutrophils secrete CXCL9 and -10 through Dectin-1 and IFN signaling d CXCL9 and -10 promote the entry of circulating CXCR3 + pDCs into the lung d Lung-infiltrating CXCR3 + pDCs are essential for host defense against A. fumigatus d pDCs activate neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity to promote sterilizing immunity

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) induces profound shifts in the intestinal bacterial microbiota. The dynamics of intestinal fungi and their impact on clinical outcomes during allo-HCT are not fully understood. Here, we combined parallel high-throughput fungal ITS1 amplicon sequencing, bacterial 16S amplicon sequencing, and fungal cultures of 1279 fecal samples from a cohort of 156 allo-HCT patients to reveal potential trans-kingdom dynamics and their association with patient outcomes. We saw that the overall density and the biodiversity of intestinal fungi were stable during allo-HCT, but the species composition changed drastically from day to day. We identified a subset of patients with fungal dysbiosis defined by culture positivity (n=53) and stable expansion of Candida parapsilosis complex species (n=19). They presented with distinct trans-kingdom microbiota profiles, characterized by a decreased intestinal bacterial biomass. These patients had worse overall survival and higher transplant-related mortality independent of candidemia. This expands our understanding of the clinical significance of the mycobiota and suggests that targeting fungal dysbiosis may help to improve long-term patient survival.

Photobiomodulation effectively reduced mechanical hypersensitivity, potentially through modulating macrophage/microglial activation to an anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Understanding how fungi colonize the GI tract is increasingly recognized as highly relevant to human health. The animal models used to study Candida albicans commensalism commonly rely on altering the host microbiome (via antibiotic treatment or defined diets) to establish successful GI colonization by the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314.