A light-yellow-pigmented bacterial strain designated JS43T was isolated from a freshwater spring in Taiwan and was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain JS43T were Gram-negative-staining, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming. Growth occurred at 10–30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 7.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0) and with 0–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JS43T was a member of the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria . Sequence similarities to type strains of the genera Gemmobacter and Catellibacterium were between 94.6 and 98.1 %. The highest sequence similarity was found with Gemmobacter aquatilis DSM 3857T. Strain JS43T contained C18 : 1ω7c as the predominant fatty acid (74.4 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10 and the DNA G+C content was 69.3 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, two uncharacterized aminolipids and three uncharacterized phospholipids. The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain JS43T with respect to the phylogenetically related Gemmobacter aquatilis DSM 3857T, Catellibacterium aquatile A1-9T and Catellibacterium caeni DCA-1T were less than 70 %. The taxonomic relationship between members of the genera Gemmobacter and Catellibacterium was clarified by means of a direct experimental comparison. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we propose that all species currently classified in the genus Catellibacterium should be transferred to the genus Gemmobacter . The following new combinations are proposed: Catellibacterium nectariphilum is reclassified as Gemmobacter nectariphilus comb. nov. (type strain, AST4T = DSM 15620T = JCM 11959T = NBRC 100046T), Catellibacterium changlense as Gemmobacter changlensis comb. nov. (type strain, JA139T = CCUG 53722T = DSM 18774T = JCM 14338T), Catellibacterium aquatile as Gemmobacter aquaticus nom. nov. (type strain, A1-9T = CGMCC 1.7029T = NBRC 104254T), Catellibacterium caeni as Gemmobacter caeni comb. nov. (type strain, DCA-1T = CGMCC 1.7745T = DSM 21823T) and Catellibacterium nanjingense as Gemmobacter nanjingensis comb. nov. (type strain, Y12T = CCTCC AB 2010218T = KCTC 23298T). Emended descriptions of the genus Gemmobacter and of Gemmobacter aquatilis are also presented. Strain JS43T could be distinguished from recognized species of the genera Gemmobacter and Catellibacterium . It is suggested, on the basis of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, that strain JS43T ( = BCRC 80082T = LMG 25376T) represents a novel species for which the name Gemmobacter fontiphilus is proposed.
A bacterial strain designated NAA16T was isolated from a freshwater spring in Taiwan and was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain NAA16T was aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 20–40 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 7.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and with up to 1 % NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relatives of strain NAA16T were Singularimonas variicoloris MN28T, Sinobacter flavus CW-KD 4T and Solimonas soli DCY12T, with respective sequence similarities of 96.7, 96.6 and 96.2 %. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from 16S rRNA gene or rpoB sequences (encoding the β-subunit of the RNA polymerase) revealed that the novel strain NAA16T and these three closest relatives formed an independent phylogenetic clade within the Gammaproteobacteria. Strain NAA16T contained C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as predominant fatty acids and possessed phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an uncharacterized aminophospholipid as dominant polar lipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content of strain NAA16T was 66.2 mol%. The taxonomic relationship of strain NAA16T, Singularimonas variicoloris DSM 15731T, Sinobacter flavus DSM 18980T and Solimonas soli LMG 24014T was clarified by means of a direct experimental comparison. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, the descriptions of the genus Solimonas and its type species Solimonas soli are emended. Members of the genus are Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and chemo-organotrophic. Chemotaxonomically, members of the genus Solimonas possess Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c as predominant fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an uncharacterized aminophospholipid as dominant polar lipids; the DNA G+C content is 64.9–68.4 mol%. Phylogenetic evidence, supported by chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, allowed us to assign strain NAA16T to the genus Solimonas within the novel species Solimonas aquatica sp. nov. (type strain NAA16T = BCRC 17835T = LMG 24500T). The reclassification of Sinobacter flavus as Solimonas flava comb. nov. (type strain CW-KD 4T = DSM 18980T = KCTC 12881T = CCTCC AB 206145T) and Singularimonas variicoloris as Solimonas variicoloris comb. nov. (type strain MN28T = DSM 15731T = LMG 22844T) is also proposed.
A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated RIB1-20 T , isolated from fresh water was investigated by means of a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The cells were Gram-negative, rodshaped and non-spore-forming. Phylogenetic analyses with the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain formed a monophyletic branch towards the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Luteimonas, its two closest neighbours being Luteimonas composti CC-YY255 T (96.1 % sequence similarity) and Luteimonas mephitis B1953/27.1 T (95.8 %). Strain RIB1-20 T was clearly distinguished from both of those type strains using phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition data and a range of physiological and biochemical characteristics. It is evident from the genotypic and phenotypic data that strain RIB1-20 T represents a novel species of the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas aquatica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RIB1-20 T (5BCRC 17731 T 5LMG 24212 T ).During the characterization of micro-organisms in water samples collected from a freshwater spring located in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan, a yellow-coloured strain, designated RIB1-20 T , was isolated and maintained on R2A agar (BD Difco) plates after incubation at 25 u C for 3 days. Subcultivation was performed on R2A agar at 25 uC for between 48 and 72 h. On this medium, strain RIBI-20 T was able to grow at 15-37 u C, but not at 10 or 40 u C. The organism was able to grow on R2A, nutrient agar (BD Difco) and tryptic soy agar (BD Difco).Cells were observed with phase-contrast microscopy (DM 2000; Leica) in the lag, exponential and stationary phases of growth to ascertain their morphology. Motility was tested by means of the hanging-drop method. The Gram stain set S kit (BD Difco) and the Ryu non-staining KOH method (Powers, 1995) were used to test the Gram-staining reaction. Accumulation of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate granules was investigated using light microscopy after staining of the cells with Sudan black. Colony morphology was observed on R2A agar, using a stereoscopic microscope (SMZ 800; Nikon). Details of the morphology are given in the species description.The pH range for growth was determined by measuring the OD 600 of cultures grown on nutrient broth (BD Difco) adjusted to various pH values (pH 4-10, in increments of 1.0 pH unit), prior to sterilization, using appropriate biological buffers (Chung et al., 1995). To investigate NaCl tolerance, nutrient broth was prepared according to the formula of the BD Difco medium, while NaCl concentrations were varied (0 , 0.5 and 1.0-10.0 %, w/v, in increments of 1.0 %). Growth under anaerobic conditions was determined after incubating strain RIB1-20 T in an Oxoid AnaeroGen system. Strain RIB1-20 T was examined for a broad range of phenotypic properties. Catalase, oxidase, DNase, arginine dihydrolase, urease and lipase activities and hydrolysis of starch, casein and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 were determined using standard methods (Gerhardt et al., 1994; Lányí, 1987;MacFaddin, 2000)....
A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, short-rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated ABP-4 T , was isolated from a freshwater spring in Taiwan and was characterized using the polyphasic taxonomy approach. Growth occurred at 20-40 6C (optimum, 30-37 6C), at pH 7.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-9.0) and with 0-3 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %).
Two Gram-negative, aerobic, pale pink/rose-coloured, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strains, designated T and RG-4, were isolated from a freshwater fish culture pond and a freshwater spring sample, respectively. Based on characterization by using a polyphasic approach, the two strains showed highly similar phenotypic, physiological and genetic characteristics. They shared 99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 89-94 % DNA-DNA relatedness, suggesting that they represent a single genomic species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains GFA-11 T and RG-4 formed a monophyletic branch at the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Flectobacillus within the family Flexibacteraceae. Their closest neighbours were Flectobacillus major DSM 103 T (97.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Flectobacillus lacus CL-GP79 T (95.9 %). Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the two novel strains and the type strains of F. major and F. lacus were less than 70 %. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed clear phenotypic differentiation of strains GFA-11 T and RG-4 from recognized members of the genus Flectobacillus. The predominant fatty acid constituents of strain GFA-11 T were C 16 : 1 v5c (40.2 % of the total) and iso-C 15 : 0 (15.0 %). The DNA G+C content of strain GFA-11 T was 39.7 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and chemotaxonomic and physiological data, strains GFA-11 T and RG-4 are considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flectobacillus, for which the name Flectobacillus roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GFA-11 T (5BCRC 17834 T 5LMG 24501 T ).
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