This is the first study reporting HIV-related risk behavior from an Indonesian prison with an established methadone substitution program.
Since the global onset of COVID-19 in early 2020, the disease has significantly impacted mental health. This impact is likely to be further exacerbated for groups who were already marginalized. This paper shares results from a broader study of men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people in Bali, Indonesia and includes a focus on psychological distress and happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic; applying sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics as potential mediators. Psychological distress and the level of happiness were measured by The Kessler Psychological Distress (K10) and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to September 2020. Of the 416 participants, complete data were available for 363 participants. The majority of participants were aged 26–40 years, currently single, were born outside Bali, were currently living in an urban area, and over one-third were living with HIV. While all were MSM, the majority identified as homosexual/tend to be homosexual (71.3%), however 54 (14.9%) identified themselves as heterosexual. The majority (251, 69.1%) reported moderate to very high psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The binary logistic regression analysis identified five factors to be significantly associated with higher psychological distress: being a student, reporting higher levels of stigma, had ever experienced discrimination, felt better prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and less happy than the average person. When homosexual were compared with heterosexual participants, those who identified themselves as being homosexual reported significantly lower psychological distress compared to those identified themselves as heterosexual, which may be associated with these participants not disclosing their status as MSM and the stigma around MSM. Those who considered themselves to be less happy than the average person (316, 87.1%) were more likely to live with a partner and to report moderate to very high psychological distress. Based on the findings, interventions should focus on strategies to reduce stigma, provide non-discriminatory services, and improve access to essential health services.
Background and purpose: Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke. Despite efforts to control hypertension with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, the prevalence of and death from stroke is reported to be increasing. This study aims to determine the association of hypertension self-management with the incidence of stroke in patients with hypertension.Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 44 patients suffering from hypertension and who had suffered a stroke as a case, as well as 44 patients with hypertension and no stroke as a control. Data on self-management of diet, physical activity, stress mitigation efforts, alcohol consumption, and medication adherence were collected using self administered questionnaire. Data on the diagnosis of hypertension, stroke and history of comorbidities were obtained from the patient's medical records. Multivariatee analysis using logistic regression was employed to assess the association between hypertension self-management with the incidence of stroke in patients with hypertension.Results: Characteristics of cases and controls did not differ in education, marital and socioeconomic status, but differed in age and employment. Multivariate analysis showed that there were three components of hypertension self-management associated with the incidence of stroke, namely poor adherence to medication (AOR=7.28; 95%CI: 2.19-24.17), poor self-management of stress (AOR=5.45; 95%CI: 1.56-18.99), and poor management of self-regulated diet (AOR=5.28; 95%CI: 1.31-21.32).Conclusions: Medication adherence, diet and stress management are the three main components of self-management that are associated with stroke events among hypertension patients. Efforts to increase medication adherence, diet and stress management should be enhanced.
Background and purpose: One of the main benefits of breakfast-eating habit for schoolchildren is to maintain the attention-concentration. The current trend shows a steady decline in the breakfast-eating habit among primary school children. This present study aims to examine the association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration in primary school children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 160 primary school students year 5 and 6. Samples were selected from six public primary schools within two villages. There were a total of 16 classes of year 5 and 6 in these six schools, and five classes were selected randomly. All students from the selected classes included in the study. Attention-concentration was measured using a digit symbol test, and breakfast-eating habit and total calories intake were measured using the recall 24 hours and a standardised questionnaire. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was employed to examine the association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration.Results: The majority of students were found to have good concentration (60.63%), with breakfast-eating habit (75.00%), and consumed sufficient amount of calories (53.13%). Our multivariate analysis found a significant association between breakfast-eating habit and attention-concentration among schoolchildren (AOR=14.0; 95%CI: 4,9–67,8).Conclusions: Students with breakfast-eating habit tend to have a good attention-concentration. The total calories intake during breakfast is not associated with attention-concentration among primary school students in Badung District.
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