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Introduction: Diarrhea is still a public health problem in developing countries, including Indonesia, because of its high morbidity and mortality. Breast milk is one of the important factors to reduce mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding to the occurrence of acute diarrhea. This research is analytic research with cross sectional method. Method: The study was carried out in Community Health Centre III Subdistrict of North Denpasar from October to November 2018. The research subjects were taken by consecutive sampling. Data analysis used the prevalence ratio calculation and chi square test to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhea. Result: In this study the results of acute diarrhea patients in the exclusive breastfeeding group were 17 children and non-exclusive breastfeeding as many as 31 children. Subjects who did not experience acute diarrhea in the excluded breastfeeding group were 28 children and in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group as many as 14 children. The results of statistical analysis showed the value of p=0.003 (p<0.05) PR=0.514 CI 95% (0.115-0.656). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding has a significant relationship with the incidence of acute diarrhea and is a protective factor for the incidence of diarrhea.

Background: Cholelithiasis in children is uncommon and challenging to diagnose because the patient is often asymptomatic and the clinical feature doesn't clearly depict cholelithiasis or cholecystitis. This case study aims to describe a rare case of cholelithiasis with chronic cholecystitis in a ten-year-old boy.Case Presentation: A ten-year-old boy presented with umbilical pain, nausea, and emesis. Physical examination showed there is no tenderness in all abdominal quadrants with a negative Murphy sign. Laboratory results revealed elevated white blood cell count 20.42x103/?L, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate 47.2 mm/hour, normal liver function tests, urine, and stool analysis. He underwent transabdominal ultrasound twice. The latest transabdominal ultrasound showed cholelithiasis, free fluid around the pelvic region due to suspected visceral organ perforation. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed without complication. The result of pathology anatomy examination was chronic cholecystitis. The patient was discharged 3 days after surgery in good condition. The long-term prognosis of the patient was good.Conclusion: Even though the patient is male with good nutritional status (not obese), the patient was in the mean age that was identified as a key contributor to this disease. Ultrasonography examination is a screening modality that is still an excellent diagnostic tool with 95% accuracy even though it is highly operator dependent. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a gold standard for management even in children with decreased pain and shorter lengths of stay in the hospital.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for children with constipation. This research was an analytic cross-sectional study. The sampling method was cluster sampling. The research was conducted at some kindergartens in Denpasar, Bali from October to November 2019. Data were obtained based on questionnaires distributed to parents and anthropometric examinations. Constipation was defined according to The Rome IV criteria. There were 215 children included in the study and 43 (20%) children had constipation. Children who started toilet training before the age of 1.5 years or after 2 years had 2,73 times the risk of developing constipation (p = 0.019; 95% CI 1.18-6.3). Children with less fiber consumption in a day had the risk of experiencing constipation 7.25 times (p = 0.001; 95% CI 3.38-15.5). Other risk factors such as sex, physical activity, screen contact, water consumption, nutritional status, birth weight, and mother education did not statistically relate to constipation. Toilet training before the age of 1.5 years or after 2 years and low fiber consumption are risk factors for constipation in preschool children in Denpasar.

In children, acute diarrhea and functional constipation (FC) are still more prevalent in Indonesia, especially in isolated islands, and need comprehensive management. This study aimed to determine the effect of community development from the Department of Child Health Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, on Mandangin Island’s public knowledge about acute diarrhea and functional constipation in children. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 29 subjects from Mandangin Island, Sampang, Indonesia on 17th February 2022. Subjects were given education and dissemination as community development by pediatricians via hybrid and could ask questions and discuss at the end of the presentation. The subject’s knowledge was measured using a pre-and post-test questionnaire about children’s acute diarrhea and functional constipation. Each questionnaire (diarrhea and functional constipation) consisted of 5 questions, with a minimum score of 0 and the maximum score of 100. The subject's knowledge was compared before and after the webinar using Paired T-Test and p<0,05 was measured as significant. We assessed the subject’s age, gender, occupation, and last education. There was a significant increase in public knowledge about diarrhea (26,9±18,7; 55,1±24,3; p=0.000) and functional constipation pre-and post-webinar (24,8±18,2; 48,3±24,2; p=0.000). These findings support the importance of community development with education about acute diarrhea and functional constipation in children.

Background: Diarrhea is an increased frequency of defecation, 3 times or more a day, with changes in the consistency of the stool which become loose to watery. World Health Organization (WHO) states that there are 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea annually and responsible for 525,000 deaths in children each year.Aim: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of parents regarding early treatment of diarrhea of toddlers in D’Care Pandu Child Care Center in January 2019.Method: This study was a cross-sectional observational study. Research subjects consisted of 47 parents who entrust their children to be taken care at the D'Care Pandu Child Care Center. Subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of parents regarding diarrheal disease and its management.Results: Most parents had good knowledge about diarrhea (66%). Most respondent had good attitude level (66%) and moderate level of parental behavior (52%).Conclusion: There were adequate knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of parents related to diarrhea problems in children. Diare adalah meningkatnya frekuensi defekasi yaitu 3 kali atau lebih dalam sehari, dengan perubahan konsistensi tinja menjadi lebih lembek hingga cair. World Health Organization (WHO) menyatakan bahwa terdapat 1,7 milyar kasus diare pertahun secara global dengan angka kematian pada anak sebesar 525.000 tiap tahunnya.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, serta perilaku orangtua dalam penanganan awal diare pada balita di Tempat Penitipan Anak Pandu D’Care.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan potong-lintang. Subyek penelitian terdiri dari 47 orangtua yang menitipkan anaknya di TPA Pandu D’Care pada Januari 2019. Subyek diminta mengisi kuisioner untuk mendapatkan gambaran tingkat pengetahuan, sikap serta perilaku orangtua tentang penyakit diare dan penanganannya.Hasil: tingkat pengetahuan orangtua mengenai diare sebagian besar adalah baik (66%). Sebagian besar responden memiliki tingkat sikap yang baik (66%) dan didapatkan dominansi perilaku orangtua dalam tingkatan sedang yaitu sebesar 52%.Simpulan: Studi ini menunjukkan cukup adekuatnya pengetahuan serta sikap dan perilaku orang tua terkait permasalahan diare pada anak.

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