An effective and concise approach to synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrroles from readily available amino acid esters by the promotion of Cu(OAc)2 in conjunction with Mn(OAc)3 has been developed. This reaction proceeds through multiple dehydrogenations, deamination, and oxidative cyclization. This oxidized system tolerates substrates bearing various electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. With this methodology, several key intermediates of natural products have been effectively prepared, and the total syntheses of lycogarubin C and chromopyrrolic acid have been completed in high efficiency.

Porcine circovirus 3 ( PCV 3), a recently discovered virus, has spread widely in pigs throughout the world. In order to investigate the possibility of mice used to study the infection of PCV 3, commercially sourced Balb/C and ICR mice were screened for PCV 3 infection. Blood samples were collected from 20 mice (10 each of Balb/c and ICR ), DNA was extracted, and subjected to PCR with PCV 3 specific primers. We found all 20 serum samples tested positive for PCV 3 DNA . From four mice, the complete genomes of PCV 3 were amplified and sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results showed that the amplified genome was 2000 bp, and sequence comparison showed that the homology of the complete genome and ORF 2 gene with those of porcine PCV 3 are 97.9%–98.8% and 96.9%–98.3%, respectively. Amino acids alignment results showed that the Cap protein of the mouse PCV 3 isolates share 90.7%–96.3% amino acid homology with that of the references strains derived from pigs. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF 2 sequences showed that all PCV 3 strains clustered together and were clearly separate from other circovirus species. We detected PCV 3 in experimental mice in China for the first time, which is an opportunity to use mice to study the infection of PCV 3 and a potential hazard to swine industry.

Brønsted-acid-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of the in situ generated 3-hydroxy indanones with alcohols and sulfamides were investigated, which provided a facile route for the synthesis of a large variety of 3-alkoxy and 3-sulfamido indanones. The key intermediates, 3-hydroxy indanones, were obtained through the intramolecular Meyer−Schuster rearrangement of o-propargyl alcohol benzaldehydes. The resulting 3-benzyloxy indanone could be selectively modified by allylic sulfonamidation and reduction reactions.

Pyrroles are important synthetic targets as a result of their occurrence in numerous biologically active molecules, their important roles in diverse living processes, and their utility as versatile intermediates. As a consequence, numerous efforts focused on the development of concise and efficient methods for the construction of pyrroles. Compared with other transition metals, the group 1B metals (Cu, Ag and Au) are probably more versatile and widely used for the synthesis of pyrroles in organic chemistry. Considering the importance of both topics in organic synthesis, here we summarize recent achievements in the synthesis of pyrroles catalyzed by monometallic systems which belong to the group 1B metals (Cu, Ag and Au).

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The one-pot synthesis of dibenzo[a,f]azulen-12-ones has been established starting from o-propargyl alcohol benzaldehydes and alkynes. The key azulenone bicyclic skeletons were formed through intramolecular Meyer-Schuster rearrangement and intermolecular [5+2]-cycloaddition sequence....

A meta-analysis of CD4+ T cell epitope maps reveals clusters and gaps in envelope-protein (E protein) immunogenicity that can be explained by the likelihood of epitope processing, as determined by E protein three-dimensional structures. Differential processing may be at least partially responsible for variations in disease severity among arbo-flaviruses and points to structural features that modulate protection from disease.

Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) is a common commensal in the upper respiratory tract of pigs, but causes Glässer's disease in stress conditions. To date, many studies focused on the immune evasion and virulence of H. parasuis; very few have focused on the role autophagy played in H. parasuis infection, particularly in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). In this study, a PAM cell line, 3D4/21 cells were used to study the role of autophagy in H. parasuis infection. 3D4/21 cells tandemly expressing GFP, mCherry, and LC3 were infected with H. parasuis serovar 5 (Hps5). Western blot analysis and confocal and transmission electron microscopy showed that H. parasuis infection effectively induces autophagy. Using Hps strains of varying virulence (Hps4, Hps5, and Hps7) and UV-inactivated Hps5, we demonstrated that autophagy is associated with the internalisation of living virulent strains into cells. In 3D4/21 cells pretreated with rapamycin and 3-MA then infected by Hps4, Hps5, and Hps7, we demonstrated that autophagy affects invasion of H. parasuis in cells. AMPK signal results showed that Hps5 infection can upregulate the phosphorylation level of AMPK, which is consistent with the autophagy development. 3D4/21 cells pretreated with AICAR or Compound C then infected by Hps5 revealed that the autophagy induced by Hps5 infection is associated with the AMPK pathway. Our study contributes to the theoretical basis for the study of H. parasuis pathogenesis and development of novel drugs target for prevention Glässer's disease.