“…Among the adjuvant-active PAAs, one can find plain PAAs ( Diamantstein et al, 1971 ; Hilgers et al, 1998a ), PAA dendrimers ( Zaman et al, 2010 , 2011 ), PAA alkyl esters ( Hilgers et al, 2000 , 1998b ; Tifrea et al, 2011 ) and the crosslinked PAAs ( i.e. Carbomers™ and Carbopols™) that are present in various experimental and commercial veterinary vaccines ( Angelos et al, 2016 ; Deville et al, 2011 , 2008 ; Gelfi et al, 2010 ; Gualandi et al, 1988 ; Hoogland et al, 2006 ; Kim et al, 2012 ; Liu et al, 2005 ; Mair et al, 2015 ; Minke et al, 2006 ; Mumford et al, 1994 ; Tollersrud et al, 2002 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ). Potent adjuvant systems were also obtained by combining Carbopol™ with oil-in-water emulsions ( Dey et al, 2012 ; Lai et al, 2012 ; Sastry et al, 2017 ) or by co-formulating Carbomer™ with lecithin in an adjuvant system termed Adjuplex™ (Advanced BioAjuvants LLC) ( Chakrabarti et al, 2013 ; Gasper et al, 2016 ; Sastry et al, 2017 ; Wegmann et al, 2015 ).…”