Tami Sakiyama in Shimagomoru criticises homogeneity, dominance, and centralisation influencing the thinking model and development strategy in Okinawa, causing violence toward society and the environment. This article examines the construction of discourse in Shimagomoru related to colonisation in Okinawa and its impact on the environment and universal bioethics through an ecofeminist literary criticism approach. The data in the study were collected through the literature review method and analysed through the descriptive analysis method. Results of this study showed that the islands abandoned by their inhabitants due to moving to the more advanced and modern main islands are the result of discrimination in modernisation and development in Okinawa. Colonisation, annexation, and assimilation created a single identity as Japanese for Okinawans, causing identity ambiguity.
This article examines the ideology of Shimaki Kensaku in the short story Akagaeru. This study is qualitative research by applying the hermeneutic method. This study uses the semiology theory of Roland Barthes with a two-level sign interpretation model. The results of the study show that at the language level, the signifier of akagaeru refers to the signified of reddish-brown type of frog endemic to Japan. The signified at the language level become the signifier of connotation at the myth level which refers to the signified of connotation namely 1) return to the original Japanese ideology; 2) the failure of communist ideology to develop in Japan; 3) acceptance of the destruction of communist ideology in Japan; and 4) persistence of admiration for communist ideology. These signified of connotations form a myth that is connected with Shimaki Kensaku's ideology, namely suichoku tenk? 'vertical tenk?'
This research is titled "Demonophobia in Kusano Tetsuya's character in Bonus Track"novel by Koshigaya Osamu". This study aims to determine the symptoms and ways to overcome demonophobia in Kusano Tetsuya"s character. The method used descriptive analysis method. The theory used literary psychology that proposed by Ratna (2006) and the theory of specific phobia proposed by Hogan (2004). The analysis of fear or anxiety that occurs to Kusano can cause adverse effects on daily life. Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that someone who experiences demonophobia has problems that can be cured with symptoms that suffer. Changing mindset is an influential step for Kusano Tetsuya in an effort to overcome the demonophobia because at that step makes Kusano slowly to recover from his phobia. AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul "Demonophobia pada tokoh Kusano Tetsuya dalam novel Bonus Track karya Koshigaya Osamu". Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gejala dan cara mengatasi demonophobia tokoh Kusano Tetsuya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analisis.Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori psikologi sastra yang dikemukakan oleh Ratna (2006) dan teori fobia spesifik yang dikemukakan oleh Hogan (2004). Berdasarkan hasil analisis ketakutan atau kecemasan yang terjadi kepada Kusano dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap kehidupan sehari-hari. Hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan seseorang yang mengalami demonophobia memiliki permasalahan yang dapat disembuhkan dengan gejala-gejala yang di deritanya. Mengubah pola pikir merupakan tahap yang berpengaruh bagi Kusano Tetsuya dalam upaya mengatasi demonophobia karena dengan tahap tersebut Kusano perlahan mulai sembuh dari fobianya.
The title of this research is “Mama Tomo in Happiness, a Novel by Natsuo Kirino”. This research aims to analyze the characteristics, group formation, and stratification system of mama tomo group. The methods used are descriptive analysis method and informal method. The theories used in analyzed are sociology literature theory by Wellek and Warren (2016), group characteristics theory by Baron and Kerr (2003), social exchange theory by Blau (in Ritzer and Goodman, 2004), and social stratification theory by Horton and Hunt (1984). Based on the analysis result of the group characteristics, there were three norms found to be applied in the group such as, 1) emphasizing the “wa” or the harmony of group; 2) trying to be an ideal figure of ryousaikenbo; and 3) using the honne and tatemae properly. From the group size, mama tomo group is a small group which has a structure. The structure consists of 1) Ibuki’s mom is the leader; 2) Megu’s mom is Ibuki’s mom’s assistant; 3) Mako’s mom, Arisa, and Miu’s mom are ordinary member. Mama tomo group formation is divided into two factors, that are 1) something in common with another member in group; and 2) obtained benefits of group. The stratification in mama tomo group is determined by three factors, 1) residence; 2) husband’s work; and 3) child’s school. Two social classes, upper class and middle class also found in mama tomo group. The impacts of the stratification system in mama tomo group are 1) happiness; 2) ethnocentrism of social class; and 3) lifestyle.
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